Agriculture Reference
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ethically oriented development of organic in the future. They describe an ethically
based philosophical perspective of a regulatory framework to reflect critically on
the ethical features of standards, as well as the control and certification processes in
the organic agrofood chain. The authors look at alternative approaches to assuring
control and trust in new forms of certification and farmer-consumer collaboration.
Since consumers are free from control and certification processes of their behavior,
the authors review specific ethical challenges that consumer behavior raises. They
also examine the ethical questions initiated by the activities of organic advisory
services, higher education and research, as well as what could improve the use of
organic values 6 in these activities. Finally, the authors look at three challenges of
more value-based organic practice: the influence of political and industrial power on
the organic movement; the status of social and economic justice and social coalitions
and communication strategies; and, some key factors that are relevant if the organic
movement is to continue and strengthen a value based community.
Chapter 14 : In the final chapter, Bernhard Freyer and Jim Bingen review the main
findings on organic ethics in this volume. They emphasize and deepen key findings
from Chap. 13 , asking what concrete actions might be necessary to bring ethics
more into the center of the organic movement and related institutions. The authors
close with some philosophical reflections on how realistic it might be to establish
the idea of an organic ethically driven agrofood chain.
References
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IFOAM. 2009. The principles of organic agriculture . Retrieved from http://www.ifoam.org/about_
ifoam/principles/index.html . Accessed 1 Sept 2011.
IFOAM. 2012. The IFOAM norms for organic production and processing . Retrieved from http://
www.ifoam.org/en/ifoam-norms . Accessed 1 Jan 2013.
Johnston, J. 2008. The citizen-consumer hybrid: Ideological tensions and the case of Whole Foods
Market. Theory and Society 37(3): 229-270.
King, S. 1984. Has marketing failed, or was it never really tried? Journal of Marketing Management
1: 1-19.
Luttikholt, L.W.M. 2007. Principles of organic agriculture as formulated by the International
Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements. NJAS-Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences
54(4): 347-360.
Peattie, K., and A. Crane. 2005. Green marketing: Legend, myth, farce or prophesy? Qualitative
Market Research: An International Journal 8(4): 357-370.
Willer, H., and L. Kilcher. 2011. The world of organic agriculture: Statistics and emerging trends
2011 . Bonn/Frick: IFOAM/FIBL.
6 The meaning of value in most sociological research on organic “is almost identical to the motives
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