Vessels and Ballast Water - Global Maritime Transport and Ballast Water Management: Issues and Solutions - page 26

Fig. 14 Vessel in heavy weather conditions, waves in longitudinal effect (Source: Cornelius de
Keyzer, Master Mariner, Port of Rotterdam, the Netherlands)

Fig. 15 Longitudinal wave effects on the vessel hull, inducing additional ( top drawing ) or reduced
( bottom drawing ) buoyancy amidships, that may result in vessel structure failure. VL water line

completely fi lled, while waves may exert extensive additional forces on the vessel
hull, especially as additional shear forces and bending moments (Perkovi č and

David 2002a , b ) (see Fig. 15 ).
Inappropriate ballast water operation and with this reduced transversal stability
may result in a vessel to fl ip aside (see Fig. 16 ).
Safe navigation and the safeguard of human lives at sea are regulated by the
SOLAS Convention of IMO. Aiming to increase safety and reduce pollution from