Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
According to Darwin (
1862
) and Godfery (
1933
), English plants are usually pollinated
by species of wasps in the genus
Vespa
L. Nilsson (
1981a
), however, observed only
one species of vespid wasp visiting the flowers in Sweden, and it was not a pollen
vector. He found solitary eumenid wasps of genus
Odynerus
s. l. Latreille to be the
legitimate pollinators of this species in his study area, even though other pollinators,
including bees (Apidae) and beetles, visited the flowers more frequently. Flowering
of
E. atrorubens
coincides with the emergence of eumenid populations in Sweden
and occurs distinctly earlier than the flowering of plants adapted to vespid wasps.
Eumenids and vespids are usually polyphagous, often carnivorous, and visit flowers
less frequently than other anthophiles, such as honeybees and bumblebees. The latter
two, however, often have longer proboscises and are less well-adapted to the floral
morphology of
E. atrorubens
, often taking nectar without extracting pollinia. As a
result, Nilsson (
1981a
) believes that honeybees and bumblebees, in particular, have a
negative effect on the pollination of this species, despite the fact that they are often
cited as primary pollinators in the literature (e.g., Godfery
1933
; Dressler
1993
).
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