Tribe Neottieae - The Pollination Biology of North American Orchids: North of Florida and Mexico - page 55

Chapter 3
Tribe Neottieae
Abstract Listera cordata is self-compatible, but outcrossing improves seed
production and is promoted by protandry. Autogamy is absent. Fungus gnats are
common pollinators. Listera ovata is self-compatible, but selfing reduces embryo
number and size. Autogamy is prevented or reduced by column structure. Floral
morphology in other Listera suggests particular pollinator characters or behaviors.
Cephalanthera austinae is facultatively autogamous and usually employs a strategy
of deceit to attract pollinators. Epipactis gigantea is a self-compatible, clonal orchid.
Reproduction routinely involves a single colonization event followed by asexual
propagation and selfing. Syrphid flies are primary pollinators. Epipactis helleborine
is self-compatible and usually allogamous. Wasps are the primary pollen vectors.
Keywords Listera s Cephalanthera s Epipactis s0ROTANDRYs-ALEANDFEMALE
FUNCTIONs&RUITPRODUCTIONANDINmORESCENCESIZEANDPLANTDENSITYs$ELIBERATE
POLLENCOLLECTIONs3YRPHIDmIESANDWASPSANDPREYMIMICRYs&UNGUSGNATS
The Neottieae are distributed in the Old World from Europe to tropical Africa and
east to Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, China, Japan, New Guinea, and Australia. In the
Western Hemisphere, representatives are found in the western USA, Central
!MERICAANDNORTHERN3OUTH!MERICA0RIDGEONETAL 2005 ). Three genera are pres-
ent in our flora.
Listera R. Brown
Listera is reduced to synonymy under Neottia Guett. in the World Checklist of
Monocotyledons ( 2008 ), but Magrath and Coleman ( 2002 ) recognized it as distinct
in the Flora of North America and their treatment is followed here. The genus includes
25 species distributed in cool temperate regions of the Northern and Southern