Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 2.4
Pollinators o
f
Spiranthes magnicamporum
,
S. ochroleuca
, and
S. odorata
Species
Pollinator/state or province
References
S. magnicamporum
Apidae
Bombus fervidus
(Fabricus)/ND
Sheviak (
1982
)
B. nevadensis
var.
americanum
/WI
Hapeman (
1996
)
B.
sp./ON, IL
Catling (
1980b, 1983c
)
a
S. ochroleuca
Apidae
B. impatiens
Cresson/MA
Sheviak (
1982
)
B. pennsylvanica
(DeGeer)/ne U.S.
Ames (
1921
), p. 81
B. vagans
/VT
Sheviak (
1982
)
B.
sp./PA, MA, ON
Catling (
1983c
)
a
S. odorata
Apidae
B. pensylvanicus
(DeGeer)/FL Dodson in Luer (
1975
, p. 120)
[as
B. americanorum
(Fabr.)]
B. pennsylvanicus
/FL Sheviak (
1982
)
B. fervidus
/NH Luer (
1975
)
B. impatiens
Cresson/MA Sheviak (
1982
)
B. nevadensis
Cresson/NC Stevenson (
1973
)
a
Unobserved; likely based on floral morphology and/or flowering pattern
Table 2.5
Pollinators of
Spiranthes lacera
Pollinator/state or province
References
Andrenidae
Calliopsis andreniformis
Smith/IL
Robertson (
1893, 1929
)
Apidae
Bombus americanum
(Fabricus)/IL
Robertson (
1893, 1929
)
B. perplexus
Cresson/ON
Catling (
1980b, 1983c
)
B. terricola
Kirby/ON
Catling (
1980b, 1983c
)
B. vagans
Smith/ON
Catling (
1980b, 1983c
)
B.
sp./NJ
Catling (
1983c
)
a
Halictidae
Dialictus immitatus
(Lov.)/ON
Catling (
1980b, 1983c
)
Megachilidae
Anthidium notatum
Latreille/FL
Robertson (
1893
)
Hoplitis truncata
Cresson/ON
Catling (
1980b, 1983c
)
Megachile brevis
Say/FL
Robertson (
1893, 1929
)
M. inermis
Prov./ON
Catling (
1980b, 1983c
)
a
Unobserved; likely based on floral morphology or flowering pattern
Studies examining population variability and seed morphology are consistent
with the occurrence of differing levels of sexuality in agamospermous taxa. In a
multivariate analysis of morphological data based on plants from southwestern
Ontario, Catling and Brown (
1983
) found that populations of
S. magnicamporum
,
although clearly agamospermous based on their frequent development of polyem-
bryonic seed, were also distinctly more variable than those of
S. cernua
. It is likely
that the differences in variability reflect differences in levels of sexuality and that
agamospermy is facultative in populations of
S. magnicamporum
at this site (Swamy
1948
; Catling
1982
; Catling and Brown
1983
).
Based on breeding experiments and levels of polyembryonic seed production,
Schmidt (
1987
) and Schmidt and Antlfinger (
1992
) concluded that agamospermy is
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