Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 1.1
Data on
Goodyera
(Kallunki
2002
)
Character
G. oblongifolia
G. pubescence
G. repens
G. tesselata
Plant height (cm)
a
9.2-27.2
to 50
b
6.2-15.3
6.4-22.8
Inflorescence (cm)
Spiral or secund
Cylindric
Secund or
INFREQUENTLY
spiral
Spiral or second
Flower number
10-48
10-57
7-36
5-72
Dorsal sepal (mm)
a
6.7-9.3
4-5.5
b
3.0-5.2
3.9-7.1
Lateral sepals (mm)
5.7-7.8
3.1-5.3
3.0-5.2
3.8-6.0
Hood/Helmet (mm)
5-10
3.6-5.7
3.0-5.5
3.9-7.1
Lip (mm)
4.9-7.9 × 1.3-3.2
2.5-4.2 × 2.2-3.5
1.8-4.8 × 1.4-3.2
3.0-5.5 × 1.2-3.1
a
Kallunki (
1976
)
b
Luer (
1975
)
attached at their apices to a single, shared viscidium held by a forked or notched
rostellar beak at the tip of the column (Fig.
1.2
) (Kipping
1971
; Johnson and
Edwards
2000
; Kallunki
2002
). The stigma lobes are connate and positioned under
the base of the rostellum (Pridgeon et al.
2003
).
Average flower size differs slightly (Table
1.1
), ranging from about 3 to 5 mm
long in
G. repens
and
G. pubescens
through
G. tesselata
(about 4-7 mm long) to
G. oblongifolia
(about 5-10 mm long) (Luer
1975
; Kallunki
1976, 1981
; Smith
1993
). Kallunki (
1981
) described the perianth in
G. repens
as distinctly whiter than
in
G. oblongifolia
and
G. tesselata
WHERETHESEPALSAREFREQUENTLYTINGEDWITHGREEN
The reflectance pattern also varies under ultraviolet light, where the labella of
G. oblongifolia
and
G. tesselata
appear bright yellow-green and that of
G. repens
does not fluoresce at all. Ultraviolet patterns can play a role in the orientation of
hymenopterous pollinators (Jones and Buchmann
1974
) and may, in addition, attract
specific vectors and function as an effective pre-pollination isolating mechanism
(Kevan
1972
; Guldberg and Atsatt
1975
; Jones
1978
).
Floral odors perceptible to the human observer are present in
G. oblongifolia
and
G. tesselata
, but not in
G. repens
; they are stronger during the day than at night
(Kallunki
1981
). Nectar is present in some flowers around the clock but is relatively
much less abundant in
G. repens
than in the other two (Kallunki
1981
).
Compatibility and Breeding System
Hagerup (
1952
) noted a lack of pollinia coherence and bud autogamy, but no aga-
mospermy, in some populations of
G. repens
from Denmark, and Pridgeon et al.
(
2003
) reported autogamy in
G. inmeghema
Ormerod from Vanuatu in the South
Pacific. Occasional reports have also suggested the possible occurrence of autog-
amy in our flora. Catling (
1983
FOREXAMPLEFOUNDAFEWLARGECOLONIESOF
G. tes-
selata
and
G. pubescens
in Canada, where all the ovaries in all the inflorescences
produced ripe capsules. He noted that the rostellum in these species was smaller
than in
G. oblongifolia
.
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