Subtribes Goodyerinae and Cranichidinae - The Pollination Biology of North American Orchids: North of Florida and Mexico - page 4

Habitat and Distribution
Goodyera oblongifolia is found in moist to dry coniferous or hardwood forests and
on the margins of wooded bogs and swamps (Luer 1975 ; Kallunki 1976, 2002 ; Case
1987 ). In the east, it is locally common in the Great Lakes region and near the
mouth of the St. Lawrence. In the west, it occurs from southeastern Alaska to cen-
tral California, Idaho, and Wyoming, especially in the mountains and along the
0ACIlC#OAST3CATTEREDPOPULATIONSALSOEXTENDSOUTHTO.EW-EXICOAND!RIZONA
Southern members often occur in spruce-fir forests at high elevations.
Goodyera repens is found in cool, acidic, nutrient deficient soils under a full or
partial canopy. It is common in the shaded, mossy grounds of bogs and coniferous
FORESTSOVERMUCHOFITSRANGEBUTISALSOPRESENTINDRYTOMESICMIXEDCONIFEROUS
forest. In subarctic forests, it occupies upland sites and a wide variety of habitats
(Case 1987 ; Smith 1993 ; Kallunki 2002 ). Populations range from Alaska to
Newfoundland south through British Columbia, the Prairie Provinces, and the Great
Lakes to New Jersey (Kallunki 1976 ). It is also present in the Appalachians to
'EORGIAANDSCATTEREDINTHE2OCKIESTO.EW-EXICOAND!RIZONA#ATLING 1990 ;
Kallunki 2002 ).
Goodyera tesselata is probably an allotetraploid (2 n = 60) derived by hybridiza-
tion between the diploids G. oblongifolia and G. repens (Kallunki 1976, 1981 ). It
can occur in areas where the diploids are absent, supporting its treatment as a legiti-
mate species. This orchid not only shows a preference for the dry soils of upland
CONIFEROUSORMIXEDFORESTBUTALSOOCCURSINWHITECEDARSWAMPSORONTHEEDGES
of spruce-tamarack bogs (Kallunki 2002 ). It ranges from northeastern Minnesota
and southeastern Manitoba through the Great Lakes to New Jersey and
Newfoundland.
Goodyera pubescens (2 n = 26) differs morphologically and chemically from the
other species in our flora (Kallunki 1981 )TISHIGHLYmEXIBLEINITSREQUIREMENTS
ANDOCCURSINAVARIETYOFFREQUENTLYWOODYHABITATSONDRYORWETUSUALLYACIDIC
soils from Minnesota, southern Ontario, Quebec and Maine to Tennessee and
Georgia. Scattered populations also occur in Nova Scotia, Florida, Missouri,
Arkansas, and Oklahoma (Kallunki 2002 ). According to Kallunki ( 1981 ), it is sel-
DOMINCLUDEDINTHEMIXEDSPECIESPOPULATIONSOF Goodyera that are common in
northern Michigan.
Floral Morphology
A variable number of small, whitish, resupinate flowers are arranged in a spicate
inflorescence (Fig. 1.1a ) (Table 1.1 ). The dorsal sepal and lateral petals converge in
all four species to form a hood above the lip and column (Figs. 1.1 and 1.2 ). Lateral
SEPALSARESPREADINGORREmEXED4HELIPISmESHYWITHALIGULATEORPOINTEDAPEXAND
ACONCAVEORSACCATEBASE%XCEPTIN G. pubescens , its inner surface bears two to
four rows or ridges of glandular papillae (Kallunki 1981 ). The column is short with
a pointed to blunt rostellum separating the anther and stigma (Fig. 1.2 ) (Luer 1975 ;