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Fig. 6.10
(
a
)
Empis
sp., a pollinator of
Corallorhiza maculata
; (
b
)
Pimpla pedalis
, a pollinator of
Corallorhiza striata
, scale bars = 1 mm
Kipping (
1971
) captured several other flower visitors at his study site in the
Sierra Nevada Mountains of El Dorado County. These included three
Lasioglossum
(
Evylaeus
)
ovaliceps
Cockerell (Halictidae); two different bombyliid flies; and an
undescribed species of a small-headed fly,
Eulonchus
Gerstaecker (Acroceratidae).
However, none bore pollinaria.
A number of insect visitors have also been reported for
C. trifida
. For example,
Dungflies (Scalophaga), syrphid flies (Syrphidae) small hymenoptera, dance flies
(
Empis
), and coleoptera have been recorded in Europe (Muller
1881
; Kunth
1898-1905
; Silen
1906b
; Evans
1919
; Godfery
1933
; Summerhayes
1951
;
Danesch and Danesch
1962
; Fuller
1980
; Lang
1989
). However, none were con-
firmed as pollinators. Silen (
1906a, b
) found that a sticky disk was lacking in
C. trifida
and that the pollinaria failed to adhere to either visiting insects or to a
pencil tip inserted into the flower. Claessens and Kleynen (
1998
) maintain that a
viscidium is present but that it loses its adhesive power in open flowers.
C. striata
, on the other hand, with showy inflorescences and brightly colored,
striped flowers, appears well adapted to insect pollination (Fig.
6.9
). Freudenstein
(
1997
) observed a parasitic wasp,
Pimpla pedalis
(Cresson) [as
Coccygomimus
pedalis
(Cresson)] (Ichneumonidae; Hymenoptera) (Fig.
6.10b
) removing polli-
naria in Emmet County, Michigan. The possible role of this wasp as a major polli-
nator is consistent with a distribution largely coincident with that of the orchid
(Townes and Townes
1960
). According to Freudenstein (
1997
), rotation of the stipe
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