Tribe Malaxideae - The Pollination Biology of North American Orchids: North of Florida and Mexico - page 103

were apparently not critical. In a 6-year study of wild populations, he found that
fruit-bearing plants were more likely to survive, bear flowers, and produce fruit the
following year than nonfruiting plants.
The quantity of stored resources needed for flowering might, in fact, be reduced
in orchids such as L. loeselii that produce green, long-lived flowers potentially capa-
ble of making a photosynthetic contribution to the plant (McMaster 2001 ). Moreover,
the small, nectarless flowers are probably relatively inexpensive to produce (Hagerup
1952 ; Neiland and Wilcock 1998 ).
McMaster ( 2001 ) recorded herbivore damage on 10% to nearly 60% of the plants
at his Massachusetts study site over 6 years. Beyond the immediate effects of preda-
tion, grazed plants showed significant reductions in survival, flowering, and fruiting
in subsequent years, suggesting that the long-term energy budget of L. loeselii is
more significantly affected by herbivory than by flowering and fruiting. Similarly,
Wheeler et al. ( 1998 ) reported that only 3% of plants in eastern England damaged
by grazing produced flowers the following year compared to 22% for the entire
population.
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