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Predation, probably by rodents and insects, accounted for fruit losses ranging
FROMABOUTnOVERTHEYEARSOFTHE-INNESOTASTUDY2EEVESAND2EEVES
1984 ).
Additional Species of Malaxis
M. unifolia Michaux is sympatric with M. paludosa in Minnesota, Ontario, and
Manitoba, and its resupinate flowers bloom at about the same time. In Minnesota,
2EEVESIN#HRISTENSEN 1994 ) observed a cecidomyiid gall midge with a pollinium
attached to its head crawling upward on the labellum toward the column of M. uni-
flora . The two species may, therefore, be pollinated by different insects carrying
pollinia on different parts of their bodies. Other visitors to M. unifolia included spe-
cies of Bradysia Winnertz (Sciaridae), Aedes (Culicidae), and Trioxys Haliday
(Braconidae).
"ASEDONmOWERSIZEANDPHENOLOGY2EEVESIN#HRISTENSEN 1994 ) believes that
fungus and gall gnats may pollinate M. soulei L. O. Williams (now M. macros-
tachya (Lex.) Kuntz), M. corymbosa (S. Watson) Kuntze (now M. brachystachys
2CHBF+UNTZ M. ehrenbergii 2CHBF+UNTZEAND M. tenuis (S. Watson) Ames
(now M. abieticola Salazar and Soto Arenas) in southern Arizona. Similarly,
Hapeman ( 1996 ) thinks that flower size and color as well as habitat indicate that
fungus gnats probably pollinate the North American M. monophyllos var. brachy-
poda 'RAY-ORRISAND%AMESIN7ISCONSIN)NANABSTRACT2EEVESAND2EEVES
( 1985 ) noted the presence of insect pollinators as well as isolating mechanisms for
this variety in Minnesota, but failed to identify the pollinators or provide any addi-
tional detail. Light ( 1998 ) reported that it produced 5-mm long, seed bearing cap-
sules at an unspecified site in Canada. Tests in Ontario showed no evidence for
autogamy in this orchid or in M. unifolia ; both have well-developed rostella separat-
ing the stigma and pollinia (Catling 1983 ). However, the largely Old World M. mono-
phyllos var. monophyllos (= var. diphyllos (Cham.) Luer), also found in Alaska and
British Columbia, is reported to be mostly autogamous in Europe, although tiny
flies may sometimes act as pollinators (Davies et al. 1988 ). So far as I am aware,
nothing has been published on pollination of the three remaining North American
species of Malaxis , M. wendtii Salazar, M. bayardii Fernald, and M. spicata Swartz,
although again flower size and color imply the involvement of small flies, such as
fungus gnats.
Liparis Richard
Liparis is a cosmopolitan genus embracing about 250 (Magrath 2002 ) to 320
(Pridgeon et al. 2005 ) species. Three occur in North America north of Mexico. One,
L. nervosa (Thunberg ex Murray) Lindley is restricted to Florida. The other two,
with very different breeding systems, are considered here.
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