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Fig. 8 Examples of spine detection in challenging MR scans. a Whole-spine scan with strong
scoliosis. b Whole-spine scan with congenital abnormality (6 lumbar vertebra). c Whole-spine
scan with folding artifact. d L-spine scan with metal implant. e L-spine scan with vertebra
pathology. f C-spine scan with metal artifact. g C-spine scan with ring artifact. h C-spine scan
where anchor vertebra is out of field of view
Method1, since the lack of articulated model mainly affects scoliosis cases, which
has a small proportion in clinically representative dataset. Another interesting
observation is that Method1 has larger impacts on CSpine than LSpine, but
Method2 is in the other way around. This phenomenon in fact results from the
different sizes of cervical and lumbar vertebrae. Due to the smaller size of cervical
vertebrae, it is prone to erroneously detection using non-hierarchical detectors. On
the other hand, the larger size of lumbar vertebrae L-Spine makes the detection
more sensitive to abnormal spine geometry, that only can be tackled with the local
articulated model. Two representative failure cases of Method1 and Method2 are
