Information Technology Reference
In-Depth Information
Imaging of the Spine: A Medical
and Physical Perspective
Joseph E. Burns
Abstract This chapter introduces the basic methods of visualization currently used
in clinical medical practice for diagnostic imaging of the spine. The different
methods of visualization based on physical properties of tissue (imaging modalities)
included in this introduction are radiography and
uoroscopy, computed tomog-
raphy, magnetic resonance imaging, molecular imaging, and ultrasound. The basic
physics of each of these techniques for visualization of the anatomy and pathology
of the spine is presented, along with current paradigms of application of each in a
clinical medical setting. Electronic storage and manipulation of images in a
healthcare setting are discussed, with a brief discussion of image noise, resolution,
and artifact as a basis of image quality.
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1 Introduction
An integral part of modern medical practice, medical imaging has undergone
progressive advancements in technology and capability to evaluate the internal
anatomy and function of the human body non-invasively. New methodologies and
modalities have led to higher standards of medical diagnosis and treatment. Already
a major element of disease diagnosis, medical imaging also plays a growing role in
treatment ef
cacy assessment, surgical planning, and medical research.
Medical imaging modalities commonly used in current medical practice include
radiographs and computed tomography (X-ray modalities), magnetic resonance
imaging, nuclear medicine imaging techniques, and ultrasound. Methods for visu-
alization of the tissues of the human body vary by modality, are based on inherent
physical properties of the tissues, and provide information on anatomic and physi-
ologic characteristics. The most common tissue characteristics exploited to create
