Applications - Soundscape Ecology: Principles, Patterns, Methods and Applications - page 269

range and integrity of nature. Other sources of noise are road and ship traffic,
machinery use, industrial processes, and urban noise when the parks are close to
large cities.
10.6.2 External Recreational Noise Intrusions
At the border of parks are concentrated many recreational activities such as music
concerts, motorbike circuits*, and water-skiing that are considered as edge effects.
10.6.3 Onsite Interactivity Noise Intrusion
Motorized and nonmotorized recreational activities can be a source of concern
when active inside the park borders, causing a conflict between people engaged in
nonmotorized activity such as skiing, canoeing, walking, sailing, and swimming
and on the other hand motorized activity such as snowmobiling, motorboats, jet skis
and water-skiing, heli-skiing, motorbiking, and off-road driving.
10.6.4 Onsite Intra-activity Noise Intrusions
Often park visitors is engaged during their stay in different activities and can have
different behavior accordingly.
Natural parks and protected areas in many regions of the Earth are under the
attack of invading noise as the result of resource extraction, aircraft overflights, and
roadway expansion, where in many cases the spatial scale of noise exposure is
larger than the scale of protected areas and noise penetrates with increasing
frequency inside the core areas. Barber et al. ( 2011 ) have investigated a case
study in U.S. National Parks (Mesa Verde, Grand Teton, and Glacier) where was
applied a spatially explicit land use change model to depict the intensity of human
development at a sub-county resolution. They found, for instance, that the noise
from roads is far greater than any protected areas.
Great attention has been paid in the recent years to evaluate and to enjoy the
soundscape in U.S. national parks. For instance, an Educational Program Guide to
Listening and Recording has been produced by the NPS (Krause 2002 ). The
importance of the natural soundscape to visitors was stressed by introducing
education about the natural soundscape and its importance to enjoy nature and to
understand the healthy signals that nature transmit by sounds. In that guide,
equipment and methods to listening and to recording sound and an essential
glossary are offered.