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44 volunteers to make a subjective assessment. The maximum sound pressure
(
L
Amax
) and the percentage of natural features present at a location were found to
be key factors that influence tranquility. From empirical data these authors have
validated a regression analysis to extract the tranquility rating (TR), which can be
calculated as follows:
TR
¼
13
:
93
0
:
165
L
Amax
þ
0
:
027NF 49 dB
ð
<
L
Amax
<
85 dB
Þ
where NF is the proportion (%) of the natural features.
TR can be calculated also starting from
L
Aeq
:
TR
¼
8
:
57
þ
0
:
0036NF
0
:
11
L
Aeq
Soundscape evaluation is strongly affected by nonauditory factors such as visual
images, daylight, and olfactory perception.
The soundscape analysis requires the collection of many concurrent factors that
express a subjective assessment of the annoyance rating. A study conducted in
Seoul metropolitan area by Jeon et al. (
2010
,
2011
) have ascertained the quality of
different urban soundscapes by an integrated approach. Ten different sites were
selected and the SPL was measured in each (Table
5.6
).
A questionnaire was administered, divided into four sections:
(1) perception of urban soundscape, (2) soundmark, (3) semantic differential,
and (4) individual information.
1. Perception of urban soundscape was divided into three sections:
Overall impression
Acoustic comfort
Other contexts
2. Soundmarks
A general description was requested
3. Semantic differential was composed of 12 statements:
Pleasant-unpleasant
Comfortable-uncomfortable
Disturbing-not disturbing
Quiet-noisy
Calm-loud
Natural-unnatural
Distinct-usual
Steady-unsteady
Pulsating-not pulsating
Nearby-far
Wide-narrow
Dry-reverberant
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