Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
is that the reduction in crossed area and the increase in time it takes for the bird to
cross the rotor plane during oblique approaches probably cancel each other out.
Certainly, empirical data are needed to enable comparisons of collision rates during
perpendicular and oblique crossings.
Acknowledgments
The observers who carried out the recordings in the two study areas are
thanked for their great efforts and their great photos. The collaboration from the wind farm
developers DONG and E.ON is acknowledged.
References
Alerstam, T., M. Rosén, J. Bäckman, P.G.P. Ericson, and O. Hellgren. 2007. Flight speeds among
bird species: Allometric and phylogenetic effects.
PLoS Biology
5(8): e197. doi
:
10.1371/journal.
pbio.0050197
(open source).
Band, W. 2000. Windfarms and birds: Calculating a theoretical collision risk assuming no avoidance.
SNH Guidance
. Excel spreadsheet available:
http://www.snh.gov.uk/docs/C234672.xls
.
Band, W. 2012.
Using a collision risk model to assess bird collision risks for offshore windfarms
.
London: The Crown Estate, SOSS Secretariat.
Band, W., M. Madders, and D.P. Whitfield. 2007. Developing field and analytical methods to
assess avian collision risk at wind farms. In
Birds and wind farms
, ed. M. DeLucas, G.F.E. Janss,
and M. Ferrer, 259-275. Madrid: Quercus.
Barrios, L., and A. Rodriguez. 2004. Behavioural and environmental correlates of soaring-bird
mortality at on-shore wind turbines.
Journal of Applied Ecology
41: 72-81.
Bellebaum, J., C. Grieger, R. Klein, U. Köppen, J. Kube, R. Neumann, A. Schulz, H. Sordyl,, and
H. Wendeln. 2010. Ermittlung artbezogener Erheblichkeits¬schwellen von Zugvögeln für das
Seegebiet der südwestlichen Ostsee bezüglich der Gefährdung des Vogelzuges im
Zusammenhang mit dem Kollisionsrisiko an Windenergieanlagen. Abschlussbericht.
Forschungs¬vorhaben des Bundesministeriums für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit
(FKZ 0329948). Neu Broderstorf.
Bivand, R. 2009.
Spatial dependencies: Weighting schemes, statistics and models
. R package
version 0.4-34.
Blew, J., M. Hoffmann, G. Nehls, and V. Hennig. 2008.
Investigations of the bird collision risk and
the responses of harbour porpoises in the offshore wind farms Horns Rev, North Sea, and
Nysted, Baltic Sea, in Denmark
. Part I: Birds. Final Report FKZ 0329963 + FKZ 0329963A,
145pp. German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear
Safety.
BTO. 2012.
Birdsfacts
. Retrieved from Bto.org:
http://www.bto.org/about-birds/birdfacts
.
Collier, M., S. Dirksen,, and K. Krijgsveld. 2011.
A review of methods to monitor collisions or
micro-avoidance of birds with offshore wind turbines
. s.l.: Commissioned by The Crown
Estate, SOSS, through the British Trust for Ornithology.
Cook, A., L. Wright, and N. Burton. 2012.
A Review of flight heights and avoidance rates of birds
in relation to offshore windfarms
. London: Crown Estate, SOSS Secretariat.
de Lucas M, G.F.E. Janss, and M. Ferrer. 2007.
Birds and wind farms. Risk assessment and mitiga-
tion
. 978-84-87610-18-9. Quercus, Spain.
de Lucas, M., G.F.E. Janss, D.P. Whitfield, and M. Ferrer. 2008. Collision fatality of raptors in wind
farms does not depend on raptor abundance.
Journal of Applied Ecology
45: 1695-1703.
Desholm, M., and J. Kahlert. 2005. Avian collision risk at an offshore wind farm.
Biology Letters
1: 296-298.
DOF. 2012. [Online] Available at:
www.DOF.dk
.
