User-Centered Systems Design: A Brief History - Foundations for Designing User-Centered Systems - page 42

peoples' behaviors and activities—that is in how people do things. These behav-
ioral changes also affect others. So, user needs and demands, situational effects,
and technological requirements are considered in tandem. The boundaries between
which issues are defined as technical and which are organizational or social are
considered to be malleable, not fixed, and need to be negotiated. This kind of
approach is also prevalent in socio-technical systems design, described above.
Second, human-centered design addresses the fact that more and more systems
are being built where users do not interact directly with the technology as ''users.''
Examples may be telecare assistive technologies—bed sensors which are pro-
grammed to track automatically when a person gets out of bed and to raise an
alarm if they are not back in bed within a programmed time limit.
Finally, human-centered design tends to look to the longer-term effects, as well
as the immediate, task-related issues that occur at human-system ''touchpoint''
moments. New applications of technology should be seen as the development of
permanent support systems and not one-off products that are complete once
implemented and deployed. In other words, the way in which technological change
alters the organization of activities, and what are likely ongoing interventions,
need to be considered.
User-centered (and human-centered) design methods tend to emphasize user
participation in the design process for ideation and evaluation of design options. In
this topic, we have adopted the user-centered perspective, but we do not focus on
the interaction with the interface; our intention is to broaden the scope of analysis
to the user + technology system in the task context. Hence we have adopted the
term ''user-centered system design''.
2.2.5 User Experience
User experience has been described as ''a person's perceptions and responses that
result from the use or anticipated use of a product, system, or service'' (ISO 9241-
210). According to this definition, user experience goes beyond interface design to
address a person's emotions, beliefs, preferences, perceptions, physical and psy-
chological responses, behaviors, and accomplishments that occur before, during,
and after use. Three factors that influence user experience are considered—the
system, the user and their characteristics, and the context of use of the technology
or system. User experience is often used interchangeably with usability but there is
clearly a different focus that is signaled: usability and usability engineering focus
on task related aspects (getting the job done); user experience and experience
design focus on and foreground the users' feelings, emotions, values, and their
immediate and delayed responses.