Glossary - Foundations for Designing User-Centered Systems - page 408

Cognitive dimensions (of notation) A common ontology used to name specific
aspects of design as well as the associated design trade-offs.
Cognitive dissonance Cognitive dissonance occurs when a person holds two or
more beliefs that are in conflict at one time, as in when people do not get what
they want.
Cognitive modeling Using computer programs to simulate human behavior,
usually within the framework of a cognitive architecture.
Cognitive task analysis (CTA) An extension of traditional task analysis tech-
niques to facilitate the collection of information about the mental processes that
underpin observable task performance. Usually comprises several methods.
Computer supported co-operative work (CSCW) The study of how people
work together using technology.
Cones A type of light receptor cell located on the retina. Cones are sensitive to
color. See also Rods.
Confirmation bias Arises because users tend to look for information that con-
firms their understanding of a particular situation, and hence have difficulty
seeing things that conflict with their understanding of the world.
Content strategy Content strategy relates to the planning for the creation, pub-
lication, and governance of content that are both useful and usable. It covers
which content to publish as well as why. Mostly used when referring to the web,
but applies to all media, platforms, and devices.
Co-operative principle Basically refers to trying to say the right thing at the right
time—the co-operative principle can also be seen as a description of the way
that people normally conduct conversations. See also Grice's maxims.
CREAM (Cognitive reliability and error analysis method) Method for itera-
tively modeling and analyzing erroneous performance in a prospective or ret-
rospective manner. The CREAM assumes that the context is a major influence
on human performance. See also THEA.
Decibel A logarithmic measure of sound pressure: a tenfold increase in sound
pressure (e.g., 10-20 dB) sounds twice as loud.
Declarative memory A hypothesized store which holds facts or statement about
the world, e.g., the earth is flat.
Designers People who design systems or technology.
Diffusion of social responsibility When a group of people are held jointly
responsible for dealing with a particular situation, the responsibility diffuses
across people: several people may decide not to do anything in the belief that
someone else in the group will.