Summary: Putting It All Together - Foundations for Designing User-Centered Systems - page 391

E
C
R

V
C
R

A
C
R

C
C
R

O
C
R

ACTIVITIES

Inception Elaboration Construction Transition

Business Modeling

Envisioning

Understanding Needs/
Stakeholder Requirements

System Scoping/
Requirements

Evaluation

Architecting and
Designing a. System

b. Human

c. Hardware

d. Software

Development

Operations

Maintenance

Planning

Initial Elab

#1

Elab
#2

Const
#1

Const
#2

Tran
#1

Tran
#2

Iterations within Phases

Fig. 14.6 The role of concurrency in system development, showing how different tasks may be
performed concurrently and how activity levels rise and fall over the course of a project. It is
similar to Fig. 2.3 in Pew and Mavor ( 2007 ) and incorporates ideas from Boehm's other work
(e.g., Boehm 2008 )

14.4.2 Insight 1: The RD-ICM Provides a Way to Organize
User-Related Knowledge and Ways of Knowing

Experiences teaching and applying the RD-ICM to system design have led to a few
insights and extensions. These are related to learning: learning through using this
approach how to organize methods to reduce risks, learning by system