Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 2.3
International marine fuel sales by nation, 1990-99
% of total
Nations selling residual bunkers
Nations selling other bunkers
sales
(% in parentheses)
(% in parentheses)
>15
USA (18)
USA (22)
6-15
Singapore (9), Russia (9), Netherlands (8),
Saudi Arabia (12)
United Arab Emirates (8)
2-5
Japan, Saudi Arabia, Belgium,
Hong Kong, Singapore, Netherlands,
South Korea, Spain, South Africa, Greece
South Korea, UK, Spain, Russia
~1
France, Taiwan, China, Italy, Egypt,
Thailand, Greece, India, Belgium, Italy,
Netherlands Antilles, Hong Kong, UK,
Brazil, Indonesia, Denmark, Egypt,
Germany
Venezuela, Germany
1
47 other countries
92 other countries
Sources:
Adapted from Corbett (2004); Corbett et al. (1999).
Nations with strong interests in the cargoes or services provided by ships sell the most
fuel. OECD nations account for roughly half of these fuel sales and provide one illustra-
tion of historical consumption trends in the overall
eet (IEA, 1977-97; EIA, 2001).
Table 2.3 presents a summary of the top nations selling international marine fuels during
the 1990s, according to the World Energy Database (EIA, 2001). The USA provides most
of the world's marine fuels by far, and together the top 20 nations selling international
marine fuels (shown in Table 2.3) account for more than 80% of total marine fuel sales.
The term 'international marine fuel' introduces a classi
fl
cation problem for environ-
mental assessments. The basic issue is whether international sales statistics describe total
energy consumption by shipping or whether they describe only those sales classi
fi
ed as
international sales for EIA purposes. International marine fuels statistics were used to
di
fi
erentiate those fuels within a nation's domestic stock from those not eligible for emer-
gency allocation calculations within the oil emergency sharing system (Scott, 1994; IEA,
1987; Houghton et al., 1997). Depending on whether sales data or activity data are used
to estimate fuel consumption in shipping, estimates may vary (Corbett and Koehler, 2004;
2003; Corbett and Fischbeck, 1997; Corbett et al., 1999; Houghton et al., 1997; Browning
et al., 2005; Thomas et al., 2002; UNFCCC and Subsidiary Body for Scienti
ff
c and
Technological Advice, 2004). Recent estimates based on ship activity and installed engine
power also conclude that the world
fi
eet of ships (including cargo, non-cargo and military
vessels) consumes some 280 million tonnes of fuel per year, with more than 200 million
tonnes required for cargo ships alone. Some debate continues, but the major elements of
activity-based inventories are widely accepted (Endresen et al., 2003, 2005, 2004).
Considering the range of current estimates using activity-based input parameters, ocean-
going ships consume 2-4 percent of world fossil fuels.
Figure 2.3 summarizes emissions estimates from various sources, including NO
x
(as ele-
mental nitrogen), SO
x
(as elemental sulfur), and particulate matter (PM
10
), hydrocarbons
and
fl
methane
(from
both
engines
and
cargoes),
black
carbon
and
organic
carbon
(constituents of PM with climate implications), and refrigerants. The
gure shows esti-
mated ranges of fuel use and carbon dioxide alongside the other emissions using a log scale.
fi
