Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Notes
1.
Copyright © 2007 Nicholas A. Ashford. This chapter draws heavily from a topic in progress: Nicholas A.
Ashford and Ralph P. Hall (2009),
Te chnology, Globalization and Sustainability
.
2.
Here the term 'industrial firms' is broadly defined to include those engaged in the extraction of energy and
material resources, manufacturing, transportation, agriculture and services.
3.
I argue elsewhere that the three pillars of sustainable development include competitiveness, environment and
employment, although this chapter is concerned primarily with environment, broadly construed. See
Ashford (2000).
4.
The distinction between innovation and diffusion is sometimes hard to draw, however, because innovations
can rarely be adopted by new users without some modification. When modifications are extensive, i.e. when
adoption requires significant adaptation, the result may be a new innovation.
5.
Under the economic threat of more stringent worker protection standards for cotton dust exposure, the
leading US textile firm decided to redesign and modernize its technology to reduce occupational exposure
to both cotton dust and noise, and to improve production eciency. It stands out as one of the rare instances
where an industry reinvented and replaced itself.
6.
The creation of new products in this case is not a wave built upon prior waves of technological advance, but
rather occurs in an entirely new trajectory, often creating a new market.
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