Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
the enabling conditions, the incentives and the institutions so that
rms would undertake
it. While the evidence suggests that governments in these economies were more rather than
less successful in these e
fi
orts, the early environmental consequences of this development
strategy were quite negative.
As local industries and economies grew and became more integrated in the world
economy, it became increasingly evident that governments had to complement their
industrial polices and institutions with better pollution management. Consequently,
governments invested in the creation of cost-e
ff
ective command-and-control regulatory
agencies and integrated these agencies into the institutions of industrial development.
It appears that a development strategy that emphasizes technological learning,and
forces multinationals to transfer their technologies, while practicing policy integration,
made it easier for local
ff
fi
rms to tap into environmental technique e
ff
ects associated with
openness to trade and investment. This
ects
may well require more than opening an economy. As our case studies in cement and elec-
tronics demonstrate, when these factors are combined with environmental pressures in
OECD markets, they just may be su
fi
nding suggests that tapping into these e
ff
rm-
based environmental standards which they can then impose on their developing-country
joint venture partners and suppliers. When they do this, the positive technique e
cient to get multinationals to adopt stringent
fi
ects
associated with an industrial technological catch-up development strategy are rein-
forced.
ff
Notes
1.
These broad approaches identify the dominant approach to technological development in particular
economies. In practice, governments in most East Asian countries adopted elements of more than one
approach. For example, while Taiwan focused most of its technological development strategy on small and
medium-sized
fi
rms, it also promoted larger
fi
rms in upstream industries.
2.
The average cost of producing a ton of cement in the Holcim group in 2001 and 2002 was nearly twice the
cost of producing a ton of cement at SCCC.
3.
Unless otherwise noted, what follows is based on a series of in-depth interviews conducted in October 2003
and January 2004 at Motorola-Malaysia.
4.
There is discussion in Japan, California (Proposition 65) and China about adopting EU-like RoHS and
WEEE directives.
5.
Although the term 'homogeneous element' does not appear in the EU's RoHS Directive, it does appear in
an EU Commission stakeholder document, which can be found at http://www.intertek-cb.com/newsitetest/
news.rohsresources.shmtl.
6.
Flex refers to
fl
exible wiring boards, which are used in numerous electronics products such as cellphones.
References
Amsden, A. (1989), Asia's Next Giant ,New York: Oxford University Press.
Angel, D.P. and M.T. Rock (2001), 'Policy integration: environment and development in Asia', paper prepared
for the Asian Environmental Outlook Series , Manila: Asian Development Bank.
Angel, D. P. and M.T. Rock (2003), 'Engaging economic development agencies in environmental protection: the
case for embedded autonomy', Local Environment , 8 (1), 45-59.
Angel, D.P. and M.T. Rock (2005), 'Global standards and the environmental performance of industry',
Environment and Planning , 37, 1903-18.
Barney, M. (2002), 'Motorola's second generation', Six Sigma Forum Magazine , 1 (3), 1-5.
Battat, J., I. Frank and X. Shen (1996), 'Suppliers to MNCs: linkage programs to strengthen local companies in
developing countries', Foreign Investment Advisory Service Occasional Paper, 6, Washington, DC: World
Bank.
Brandon, C. and R. Ramankutty (1993), Toward an Environmental Strategy for Asia ,Washington, DC: World
Bank.
Copeland, B.R. and M. Scott Taylor (2003), Trade and Environment: Theory and Evidence , Princeton,NJ:
Princeton University Press.
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