Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Notes
1.
In other work, I have also explored a 'social' dimension of sustainable industrial development, de
fi
ned as
an increase in equity-enhancing employment (Gallagher and Zarsky, 2007).
2.
They also show that, had the authors used cross-sectional data, they would have come to the opposite
conclusion.
3.
Some companies adopt the highest applicable standard, whether it is national or sub-national, as the global
company standard. Intel, for example, which is subject to state-level water quality regulation in each of its
semiconductor production sites within the USA, applies the highest standard at home to its global opera-
tions. See Leighton et al. (2002), pp. 126-30.
4.
For example, 39 European companies were among the top 50 companies rated as having the best sustain-
ability reports in 2002. Only
fi
ve US companies were in the top 50 (SustainAbility, 2005).
5.
A landmark legal settlement in the USA in April 2005 expanded liability in home countries for MNC actions
in host countries. In two suits brought in California and federal courts, the California-based oil and gas
company Unocal agreed to compensate Burmese villagers for complicity in human rights abuses su
ered at
the hands of the Burmese military, who provided security for the building of the company's natural gas
pipeline in southern Burma. See Dimmock (2005).
ff
6.
Criteria air pollutants are non-toxic air pollutants such as nitrogen oxide (NO
x
), sulfur oxide (SO
x
), sulfur
dioxide (SO
2
), nitrogen dioxide (NO
2
), volatile organic compounds (VOC), all particulates and carbon
monoxide.
7.
Sims Gallagher (2006) suggests that these policies include the reduction of sulfur levels in fuels, fuel-
e
ects the true costs of fuel
consumption, perhaps through a carbon tax, and economic incentives and disincentives.
ciency standards, tighter air-pollution-control standards, fuel pricing that re
fl
8.
For more information see http://www.responsiblecare-us.com. See also information from the International
Council of Chemical Associations, http://www.icca-chem.org/.
9.
See http://www.ccpa.ca/ResponsibleCare/GlobalPartners.aspx.
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fi
