Input–Output Design and Organization - Fundamentals of Computer Organization and Architecture - page 183

incurs some delay penalty. Two examples of interrupt handling were covered: 80 86

family and ARM. The chapter also covered buses and interfaces. A wide variety of
interfaces and buses used in personal computers are summarized.

EXERCISES

1. Conduct an Internet search on I O devices and prepare a table categorizing

the different devices into separate categories, for example input, output,
character-based, block-based, and so on. For every entry in the table, indicate
its speed, interface, and category.
2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of isolated versus memory
mapped I

/

O.
3. Show how data transfer from disk to memory is conducted under each of the
following I

/

O schemes: programmed I O, interrupt-driven I O, and DMA.

/ / /

Show the steps taken in each case.
4. If an interrupt requires 50 ms of overhead time, and polling requires 5 ms per
device, describe different situations where each seems better than the other.
5. What entities in a computer system does a device driver communicate with?
What are the functions of a device driver? List all operations.
6. What types of operations is DMA used to accelerate?
7. A DMA module is transferring data to memory using cycle stealing from a
device that transmits data at rate of 19,200 bits per second. The speed of
the CPU is 3 MIPS. By how much would the DMA module affect the perform-
ance of the CPU.
8. Describe the scenarios in which a synchronous bus would outperform an asyn-
chronous bus and vice versa.
9. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the different bus arbitration
policies covered in the chapter. Prepare a contract table that compares the
arbitration techniques from both the implementation and operational

aspects.

REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING

I. Englander, The Architecture of Computer Hardware and System Software, John Wiley,
New York, 1996.
C. Hamacher, Z. Vranesic, and S. Zaky, Computer Organization, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill,
New York, 2002.
V. Heuring, and H. Jordan, Computer Systems Design and Architecture, Addison Wesley, NJ,
USA, 1997.
S. Shiva, Computer Design and Architecture, Harper Collins, MA, USA, 1991.
A. Tanenbaum, Structured Computer Organization, 4th ed., Prentice Hall, NJ, USA, 1999.