Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
mineral content, and growth (Han and Lee
2005
). And hence, the consortia of
microbial cultures showed both growth-promoting activity and the stress alleviation
activity. Another greenhouse study was carried out on two legumes like common
bean and soybean under moderate salt conditions (25 mM) where rhizobial strains
R. tropici
(CIAT899) or
R. etli
(ISP42) and
Ensifer fredii
(
Sinorhizobium
) SMH12
and HH103 along with PGPR
Chryseobacterium balustinum
Aur9 strains were used
both individually and in combination to determine their effects on nodulation and
growth. The coinoculation significantly increased the nodule primordial formation
in common bean and showed better nodulation and shoot-root growth in both crops
(Estevezi et al.
2009
). In yet other report, the coinoculation of
Pseudomonas
sp. and
Rhizobium
sp. showed maximum increase in growth (dry weight and height),
mineral accumulation, ion uptake, chlorophyll content, and proline content in
maize (cv. Agaiti 2002 and Av 4001) plants grown under salt stress compared to
single inoculations of either culture (Bano and Fatima
2009
). The consortia of EPS
producing salt-tolerant PGPR strains comprising of
Bacillus
sp.,
Burkholderia
sp
.
,
Enterobacter
sp.,
Microbacterium
sp., and
Paenibacillus
sp
.
increased the biomass
of wheat (Upadhyay et al.
2012
). The mixture of salt-tolerant bacteria such as
strains of
Brachybacterium saurashtrense
(JG-06),
Brevibacterium casei
(JG-08),
and
Haererohalobacter
(JG-11) augmented the water content, metal ion ratio K
+
/
Na
+
, and mineral and auxin content and decreased the electrolyte leakage and
oxidative damage in peanut (
Arachis hypogaea
) plants compared to uninoculated
control plants (Shukla et al.
2012
). In a similar study, Nadeem et al. (
2013
)
observed a significant increase in germination rate and percentage, growth, yield,
and nutritional status of wheat inoculated with consortia of
Enterobacter cloacae
,
Pseudomonas putida
,
P. fluorescens
, and
Serratia ficaria
, when grown under
saline-stressed environment. The co-culture of
Pseudomonas syringae
Mk1,
P. fluorescens
Mk20, and
P. fluorescens Biotype
G Mk25 in combination with
R. phaseoli
(M1, M6, and M9) increased the shoot weight, root weight, number of
pods, and total dry weight of mung bean plants by 145 %, 173 %, 150 %, and 269 %,
respectively, when grown in saline condition. Furthermore, the seedling growth,
nodulation, and mineral uptake were significantly enhanced following mixture of
PGPR where there was a substantial reduction in salt stress due to microbial
application (Ahmad et al.
2012a
; Aamir et al.
2013
). Two bacterial strains
A. brasilense
and
Pantoea dispersa
showed a significant increase in dry weight
and K
+
/Na
+
level of salt-sensitive sweet pepper (
Capsicum annuum
) compared to
uninoculated controls. The net assimilation rate remained unaffected even at higher
salinity level (80 mM) in case of inoculated plants. Inoculated plants were also
found to have higher stomatal conductance at higher stress (Amor and Cuadra-
Crespo
2012
).
