Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 18.1 Yields of biofuels for first-generation feedstocks
Global/national
estimates
Crop yield
(t/ha)
Conversion efficiency
(l/t)
Biofuel yield
(l/ha)
Crop
Ethanol crops
Sugar
beet
Global
46.0
110
5,060
Sugarcane
Global
65.0
70
4,550
Sugarcane
Brazil
73.5
75
5,476
Sugarcane
India
60.7
75
4,522
Cassava
Global
12.0
180
2,070
Cassava
Brazil
13.6
137
1,863
Cassava
Nigeria
10.8
137
1,480
Corn
Global
4.9
400
1,960
Corn
United States
9.4
399
3,751
Corn
China
5.0
399
1,995
Rice
Global
4.2
430
1,806
Wheat
Global
2.8
340
952
Sorghum
Global
1.3
380
494
Biodiesel crops
Oil palm
Malaysia
20.6
230
4,736
Oil palm
Indonesia
17.8
230
4,092
Soybean
United States
2.7
205
552
Soybean
Brazil
2.4
205
491
Rapeseed
European Union
3.1
369
1,140
Jatropha
Global
7.0
250
1,750
Based on data from Refs. [
1
,
26
-
28
]
Table 18.2 Yields of biofuels for second-generation feedstocks
Current yield
(dry t/ha)
Biofuel current
yield (l/ha)
Expected yield
(dry t/ha)
Biofuel expected
yield (l/ha)
Feedstock
Miscanthus
10
1,250-3,000
20
2,500-6,000
Switchgrass
12
1,500-3,600
16
2,000-4,800
Willow
10
1,250-3,000
15
1,875-4,500
Poplar
9
1,125-2,700
13
1,625-3,900
Based on data from Refs. [
26
,
32
]
Note: Yields reported in this table are for test plot scale
Biofuel Policies
There is a plethora of biofuel policies used worldwide. Some of them are used more
frequently, such as mandates or consumption subsidies (e.g., tax credits and tax
exemptions), and others less so, for example, import quotas. From an international
trade perspective, it is important to distinguish between policies that do not
discriminate and those that do discriminate against international trade. The former
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