Canola, Rapeseed, and Mustard: For Biofuels and Bioproducts - Industrial Crops: Breeding for BioEnergy and Bioproducts - page 137

while spring habit B. napus and B. rapa types are grown in northern Europe,
Australia, Canada, India, and northwest China [ 16 ]. Brassica carinata is an impor-
tant oilseed in Ethiopia and east Africa [ 47 , 48 ].
Canola and high erucic acid, low glucosinolate rapeseed (HEAR) cultivars are
grown in both Europe and Canada. Spring habit B. rapa canola/rapeseed cultivars
previously grown in Canada have progressively been replaced by B. napus cultivars
in the last two decades [ 43 ]. Spring habit B. napus canola/HEAR cultivars are
grown in the Canadian Prairie provinces and northern Europe, while winter habit
B. napus canola/HEAR cultivars are grown primarily in Europe [ 41 ]. Canada grows
B. juncea as a condiment crop, while canola juncea (canola-quality mustard) has
been developed and is being grown as an oilseed crop in Canada [ 11 ]. Australia also
grows spring B. napus canola cultivars over their fall and winter period [ 49 ]. Spring
and semi-winter habit B. napus canola/rapeseed is grown in China. Spring habit
B. rapa canola/rapeseed and B. juncea mustard as an oilseed crop are grown on the
Indian subcontinent. Brassica carinata mustard as an oilseed crop is grown on the
highlands of Ethiopia and is starting to be grown in Canada. Brassica napus canola/
rapeseed is the predominant Brassica oilseed species globally, and it produces the
highest seed yields of all the species. Seed yields for spring habit B. napus canola/
rapeseed types are approximately 1.0-1.5 tons/ha, while seed yields for winter habit
B. napus canola/rapeseed types are approximately 2.5-3.0 tons/ha [ 3 ].
Canola/rapeseed/mustard is the world's third largest source of vegetable oil
(22.7 M tons), behind only palm (43.6 M tons) and soybean (39.8 M tons)
[ 50 ]. The top ten canola/rapeseed/mustard seed-producing countries in 2011 (pro-
duction in millions of metric tons: mmt) were: Canada (14.1 mmt), China
(13.4 mmt), India (8.1 mmt), France (5.3 mmt), Germany (3.8 mmt), the United
Kingdom (2.7 mmt), Australia (2.3 mmt), Poland (1.8 mmt), Ukraine (1.4 mmt),
and the Czech Republic (1.0 mmt) [ 50 ]. The ranking of the top five canola-/
rapeseed-/mustard-producing countries has remained similar for the last 30 years,
with Canada overtaking China in 2011 [ 50 ]. There has been change in the rank for
the next five canola-/rapeseed-/mustard-producing countries over the last 30 years
with Australia joining the top ten circa 1995. The United States joined the top ten in
2010 but dropped to twelfth in 2011. Total world production of canola/rapeseed/
mustard has increased steadily over the last 30 years, with production of: 10.7 mmt
in 1980, 19.3 mmt in 1985, 24.4 mmt in 1990, 34.2 mmt in 1995, 39.5 mmt in 2000,
49.9 mmt in 2005, and 59.0 mmt in 2010 [ 50 ]. This sixfold increase in global
canola/rapeseed/mustard production in the last 30 years has been in response to
increased market demand for canola/rapeseed/mustard oils for edible, industrial,
and biofuel uses. Further increases in global canola/rapeseed production are antic-
ipated as demand for all vegetable oils is steadily increasing.