Steel truss bridges - Computational Analysis and Design of Bridge Structures - page 301

(a)
(b)
Figure 10.5 Truss bridge stringer-floor system. (a) Framed stringers (Courtesy of
Department of Public Works, Hunterdon County, New Jersey.); (b) Nonframed
stringer (Courtesy of Geiger Brothers.).
As computer technologies advanced, it is no longer difficult or costly to
model and analyze a truss bridge truly reflecting its actual assembling and
behavior. No modern truss bridges are true trusses. As members of a truss
bridge will bend, no matter how small, at connecting nodes, truss bridge
members can be more truly modeled as two- (2D) or three-dimensional