Civil Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
M
y
P
T
M
x
Total
normal
stress
Warping
normal
stress
Figure 8.9
Illustration of the general box girder normal stresses, which can occur in a
curved or skewed box-shaped girder.
M
y
x
I
y
P
A
M
x
y
I
x
=
σ
=
+
+
+
V
x
T
V
y
Total
shear
stress
V
y
Q
x
V
x
Q
y
St. Venant
torsion
Warping
torsion
=
τ
=
+
+
+
I
x
t
I
y
t
Figure 8.10
Illustration of the general box girder shear stresses, which can occur in a
curved or skewed box-shaped girder.
by implementing a equivalent BEF (EBEF) analogy into the beam element
model as the supplement (Hsu et al. 1995; Fu and Hsu 1995; Hsu and Fu
2002). As stated in AASHTO (2013), the effects of cross-sectional distortion
are typically controlled by providing adequately spaced internal intermedi-
ate diaphragms. Cross-sectional distortion, the resulting stress effects, and
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