Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Figure 6.1
Structure of a typical myelinated
vertebrate motoneuron. See also Colour
Insert.
and regulating their growth in a proper way. In order for neural prostheses
to augment or restore damaged or lost functions of the nervous system,
they need to be able to perform two main functions: stimulate the nervous
system and record its activity. For this purpose, nanotechnology offers new
perspectives by providing possibilities of repair.
2
Many crucial steps are
necessary for a neuron to rebuild a functional network: (i) survival to the
injury, (ii) regrowth of neurites (axons and dendrites) and (iii) reconstruction
of active synapses that connect neurons.
3a
Therefore, any therapeutic strategy
should promote each of these steps. Nanotechnology and nanomaterials offer
exciting promises in neuroscience.
3b,3c
In particular, the unique combination of
physical, chemical, mechanical and electronic properties of carbon nanotubes
(CNTs) makes them very attractive in basic and applied neuroscience research
because of their small size, electrical conductivity, high lexibility, mechanical
strength, inertness, non-biodegradability and biocompatibility brought about
by surface functionalisation.
4
Nevertheless, methods for manipulating the
neuronal growth environment at the nanometer scale are still lacking.
CNTs have been found to be promising substrates for neuroscience
applications. Single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) bundles and multi-
walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) possess diameters that can mimic
neuronal processes. In particular, the aspect ratio is similar to that of small
nerve fibres, growth cone ilopodia and synaptic contacts. Moreover, the
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