Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
(g) Development of a screen-printed cholesterol biosensor (
Shen and Liu, 2007
)
(h) Glucose sensor using nonwoven single-wall carbon nanotube films (
Lei and Jia, 2007
)
(i) Chemistry for a single walled carbon nanotube fluorescence-based glucose sensor
(
Barone and Strano, 2007
)
(j) Biochip for a rapid and sensitive detection of multiple cancer markers simultaneously
(
Goluch et al., 2007
)
(k) Development of label-free nanopattern-enhanced biosensors for food safety and moni-
toring and early cancer diagnostics (
Jiang, 2007
)
(l) Hexagonal saw interleukin-6 biosensor (
Cular et al., 2007
)
(m) Diamond microneedle electrodes for neurochemical detection (
Martin, 2007
).
In this chapter we use fractal analysis to analyze the binding (and dissociation) kinetics of (a)
the binding of TNF-
a
in solution to poly(guanine)-functionalized silica NPs (
Wang et al.,
2006
), (b)
the binding of different antigens in solution to the anti CD antigen immobilized
on a quartz-crystal microbalance (QCM) surface (
Zeng et al., 2006
), (c) the binding of 50
ng/mL myoglobin in serum to antimyoglobin antibody immobilized on a surface plasmon
resonance (SPR) biosensor surface (
Masson et al., 2007
), (d) the binding and dissociation
of cardioimyocytes plus endothelin-1 (ET-1) with and without a DEP (dielectrophoresis)
device (Yang et al., 2007), and (e) the binding and dissociation of different concentrations
of oxazaborolidine derivatives, BNO1, BNO2, BNO3, and BNO4
2 mM sucrose in solu-
tion to the enzyme FTF immobilized on a SPR biosensor chip surface (
Jabbour et al., 2007
).
This is just one possible way to analyze the kinetics. The fractal analysis method provides
one with the values of the binding and the dissociation rate coefficient values as well as
the fractal dimension (the degree of heterogeneity) values on the biosensor chip surface.
As indicated earlier, throughout the topic, other ways of obtaining the binding and dissocia-
tion kinetics are also available; though these other methods do not account for either the het-
erogeneity on the biosensor surface or the presence of external diffusional limitations.
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8.2 Theory
Havlin (1989)
has reviewed and analyzed the diffusion of reactants towards fractal surfaces.
The details of the theory and the equations involved for the binding and the dissociation
phases for analyte-receptor binding are available (
Sadana, 2001
) in the literature. The details
are not repeated here except that the equations are given to permit an easier reading. These
equations have been applied to other biosensor systems (
Ramakrishnan and Sadana, 2001;
Sadana, 2001
). For most applications, a single- or a dual-fractal analysis is often adequate
to describe the binding and the dissociation kinetics. Peculiarities in the values of the binding
and the dissociation rate coefficients, as well as in the values of the fractal dimensions with
regard to the dilute analyte systems being analyzed will be carefully noted, if applicable.
