Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
(
Hu, 2009
). A single-fractal analysis is adequate to describe the binding and the dissociation
kinetics. The values of (a) the binding rate coefficient,
k
, and the fractal dimension,
D
f
, for a
single-fractal analysis and (b) the dissociation rate coefficient,
k
d
, and the fractal dimension
for dissociation,
D
fd
, for a single-fractal analysis are given in
Tables 7.6
and
7.7
.
Hu (2009)
further reports that to improve the properties of the disposable glucose sensor new
materials and improved screen-printing techniques have been developed in recent years. He
refers to the development of a fabrication procedure for a disposable amperometric glucose
sensor using WB enzyme ink containing binder, stabilizer, mediator, and surfactant.
Recently,
Miyashita et al. (2009)
pointed out that according to the 2007 autumn report issued
by the International Diabetic Foundation (IDF) the estimated number of diabetics was 246
million people. This number according to the IDF report is expected to grow to 380 million
by the year 2025. This is more than a 50% increase in about 18 years. These authors report
that the first personal urine glucose meter was introduced in the Japanese market in 1996
(
Nakijama et al., 1996
). This glucose sensor monitored urine glucose levels semi-quantita-
tively in the range 0-400 mg/dl.
Miyashita et al. (2009)
report on the development of a highly
sensitive microplaner urine glucose meter. This glucose meter contains a biosensor that
amperometrically detects glucose by an immobilized glucose oxidase (GO
x
) on a planer per-
oxide membrane. Photolithography is used to fabricate the electrode.
Miyashita et al.
(
2009
) draw attention to the influence of postmeal blood glucose monitoring
by postmeal urine glucose level monitoring. There is an apparent increase in the postmeal
blood glucose level though it is transient. This level is generally restored after 2 hours.
Miyashita et al. (2009)
assert that estimation of postmeal plasma glucose level is important
in achieving lower hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels, which reflects diabetes development
(
Monnier et al., 2003, 2007; Woerle et al., 2007
). They point out that SMBG (self-monitoring
of blood glucose) with a single measurement may not provide a precise measurement of the
highest level of blood glucose after a meal. Frequent SMBG is not recommended owing to
the inconveniences associated with this.
Figure 7.9a
shows the binding of blood glucose in postmeal testing to the urine glucose
meter. The binding and the dissociation kinetics may be adequately described by a single-
fractal analysis. The values of (a) the binding rate coefficient,
k
, and the fractal dimension,
D
f
, for a single-fractal analysis, and (b) the dissociation rate coefficient,
k
d
, and the fractal
dimension,
D
fd
, for a single-fractal analysis are given in
Tables 7.6
and
7.7
. In this case,
the affinity,
K
(
ΒΌ
k
/
k
d
) is equal to 12.29.
Figure 7.10
shows the binding of urine glucose to the urine glucose meter for postmeal test-
ing using an elemental diet. A single-fractal analysis is adequate to describe the binding
kinetics. The values of (a) the binding rate coefficient,
k
, and the fractal dimension,
D
f
, for
a single-fractal analysis are given in
Tables 7.6
and
7.7
.
