Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
also be amenable for the fractal-type analysis which is presented in the chapters throughout
this topic. The fractal analysis of the examples provides the binding and dissociation
(if applicable) rate coefficients and fractal dimension values. The comparison of the binding
rate coefficients and fractal dimension values for the same analyte interacting on different
types of biosensor surfaces as the case may be yields fresh physical insights which is the goal
of this particular chapter. Needless to say, because the examples are selected from the litera-
ture, one is constrained by what is available in the literature. Often, one hopes that more
examples of the binding of the same analyte to other biosensor systems were available in
order that one may elucidate or prove a point. It is hoped that this trend catches on, and fur-
ther analysis of other types of examples would either reinforce the ideas presented in this
chapter, or help develop newer ideas which in turn will provide further physical insights into
these interactions occurring on the biosensor surfaces. The examples selected at random from
the literature for comparison purposes include:
(a) The amperometric detection of
Escherichia coli
using electropolymerization and coating
of glass carbon electrodes (GCEs) with pyrrole amine (Pyy-NH
2
)(
Abu-Rabesh et al.,
2009
), and the real-time PCR (polymerase chain reaction) amplification of aptamers
for the detection of
E. coli
(
Lee et al., 2009
)
(b) An electrochemical aptamer-based assay coupled to magnetic beads or the detection of
thrombin (
Centi et al., 2008
), and an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) bio-
sensor for analyzing aptamer-thrombin interfacial interactions (
Li et al., 2008
)
(c) An ultrasensitive enhanced CL (chemiluminescence) enzyme immunoassay for
detecting AFP which was amplified by double-codified gold nanoparticle (GNP) labels
(
Yang et al., 2009
), and a localized surface plasmon resonance coupled fluorescence
(LSPCF) fiber-optic biosensor to detect AFP in human serum (
Chang et al., 2009
)
(d) A novel biosensor using a modified GCE for the detection of glucose (
Sheng et al.,
2008
), the binding of glucose in solution to the electroless plated Au/Ni/copper
low electrical resistance electrode (
Lee et al., 2008
), the long-term stability of a glucose
biosensor based on inserted barrel plating gold electrodes (
Hsu et al., 2009a,b,c
), and
a percutaneous fiber-optic sensor for chronic glucose monitoring
in vivo
(
Liao et al.,
2008
)
(e) An implantable diagnostic device for cancer monitoring (Daniel et al., 2008), and the
binding of cancer antigen (CA) 123 in solution to anti-CA antibody immobilized on
an SPR biosensor chip surface
Many more of these types of examples are available in the literature. It is hoped that these
five sets of examples to be presented together will help set the stage for the analysis of other
examples. The intent, as indicated previously, is to obtain better physical insights into these
types of examples. Of course, any further insight that may be obtained for biomedically-
medically oriented analytes will prove invaluable.
