Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Abbreviations
Ala
Alanine
Arg
Arginine
Asp
Aspartic acid
Bpy
Bipyridine
BSA
Bovine serum albumin
Cys
Cysteine
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
ELISA
Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay
ESI-MS
Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
FRET
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer
Glu
Glutamic acid
His
Histidine
Leu
Leucine
NMR
Nuclear magnetic resonance
PCR
Polymerase chain reaction
Pro
Proline
RNA
Ribonucleic acid
SAM
Self-assembled monolayer
Ser
Serine
Trp
Tryptophan
Tyr
Tyrosine
1
Introduction
The term “biosensor” is used to describe a self-contained integrated device capable
of transforming specific biochemical information from a sample into a useful
quantitative or semiquantitative signal [
1
]. Biosensors comprise two principal
components: (1) a recognition element or receptor capable of entering into a
specific interaction with an analyte of interest, and (2) a closely linked physico-
chemical transducer that translates this interaction into a physically measurable
output (Fig.
1
).
Since inception nearly 50 years ago with Professor Leland Clark's seminal
address on how “to make electrochemical sensors more intelligent” by inclusion
of “enzyme transducers” at electrodes for glucose detection [
2
], biosensing has
evolved into a highly interdisciplinary analytical field that continues to proliferate
from basic advances in biology, chemistry, materials science, and information
technology. In many respects current biosensor research is becoming increasingly
“molecularized” as how we think about overcoming problems in diagnostics is ever
more reliant on an understanding of atomic-level structure and function along with
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