Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
CHAPTER
14
Bone Regeneration Using
Self-Assembled
Nanoparticle-Based Scaffolds
H. Hosseinkhani,
1
M. Hosseinkhani,
2
and K. Subramani
3
1
Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
2
Department of Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
3
Department of Orthodontics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
CONTENTS
14.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................225
14.2 Scaffolding Biomaterials ..............................................................................................................227
14.3 Growth Factors.............................................................................................................................229
14.4 Controlled Release Technology .....................................................................................................231
14.5 Controlled Release Systems for Bone Regeneration........................................................................232
14.6 Conclusions.................................................................................................................................235
References ............................................................................................................................................235
14.1
INTRODUCTION
Bone reconstruction is clinically important to treat bone defects and has been widely applied using
different methods. In principle, bone has the inherent ability to spontaneously repair itself for the
bone fracture of small size. However, such a self-repair cannot always be expected for large-size
defects that are caused by trauma, tumor resection, spinal arthrodesis, or congenital abnormalities.
Autograft, which is considered to be a gold standard as bone substitutes, is applied to the defective
site because it provides a suitable environment for cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation
for bone regeneration. However, autograft has several disadvantages such as the limited donor supply
and potential complications with chronic pain at the donor supply and the donor-sites. On the other
hand, allograft is being performed clinically, but the rate of graft integration into the sounding natu-
ral bone is lower than that of the autograft. In addition, it is necessary for the autograft to consider a
risk of disease transmission and postoperative complications due to the tissue rejection. Therefore,
under this circumstance, as a substitute for bone grafts, biomaterials of metals and ceramics have
been developed and investigated. Unfortunately, biomaterials may have other disadvantages such as
the lack of biodegradability under physiological conditions and limited processibility. Especially,
metals show poor integration properties to the bone tissue at the implantation site compared with
