Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
CHAPTER
12
Nano-Apatitic Composite
Scaffolds for Stem Cell Delivery
and Bone Tissue Engineering
H.H.K. Xu,
1,2,3
M.D. Weir,
1
L. Zhao,
1
J.L. Moreau,
1
D.D. Arola,
1,3
C.G. and Simon
4
1
Department of Endodontics, Prosthodontics and Operative Dentistry, University of Maryland Dental School,
Baltimore, MD, USA
2
Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine,
Baltimore, MD, USA
3
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, MD, USA
4
Polymers Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD, USA
CONTENTS
12.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................189
12.2 Development of Nano-Apatitic and Macroporous Scaffolds .............................................................190
12.3 Cell Infiltration into Scaffold .........................................................................................................192
12.4 Biomimetic Nano-Apatite-Collagen Fiber Scaffold..........................................................................195
12.5 Fast Fracture of Nano-Apatite Scaffold ..........................................................................................195
12.6 Fatigue of Nano-Apatite Scaffold...................................................................................................197
12.7 Nano-Apatite Scaffold-Human Umbilical Cord Stem Cell Interactions..............................................198
12.8 Seeding Bone Marrow Stem Cells on Nano-Apatite Scaffolds..........................................................201
12.9 Conclusions.................................................................................................................................203
Acknowledgments..................................................................................................................................204
References ............................................................................................................................................204
12.1
INTRODUCTION
Seven million people have bone fractures each year in the United States
[1]
, and musculoskeletal condi-
tions cost $215 billion annually
[1,2]
. These numbers are predicted to increase dramatically because of
an aging population
[3]
. The introduction of stem cells into the clinical setting opens new therapeutic
horizons
[4-8]
. Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent, able to become over 200 types of cells in the
body. Adult bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal (or stromal) stem cells (BMSCs) are multipotent, able
to differentiate into bone tissue, neural tissue, cartilage, muscle, and fat
[9,10]
. BMSCs can be har-
vested from the patient, expanded in culture, induced to differentiate, and combined with a scaffold to
repair bone defects.
