Cryptography Reference
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Consider now the integral
dx
e 3 ) .
Substitute x = ( z ). The denominator becomes ( z ) 2 = −℘ ( z ) (recall
that ( z ) < 0) and the limits of integration are from z = ω 2 / 2 to 0. Adjusting
the direction of integration and the sign yields
ω 2 / 2
4( x
e 1 )( x
e 2 )( x
e 3
dz = ω 2
2
.
0
Therefore,
ω 2 =
e 3
dx
( x
e 3 ) .
e 1 )( x
e 2 )( x
The change of variables
e 3 ( e 3
e 2 ) t + e 3 + ( e 3
e 2 )
e 1 )( e 3
e 1 )( e 3
x =
t +1
(plus a lot of algebraic manipulation) changes the integral to
1
2
dt
e 3
e 1 + e 3
(1
ω 2 =
k 2 t 2 ) ,
e 2
t 2 )(1
1
where
k = e 3
e 1 e 3
e 2
e 3
e 1 + e 3
e 2 .
(9.19)
Since the integrand is an even function, we can take twice the integral over
the interval from 0 to 1 and obtain
1
4
e 3 − e 1 + e 3 − e 2
dt
(1 − t 2 )(1 − k 2 t 2 ) .
ω 2 =
0
This integral is called an elliptic integral (more precisely, an elliptic integral
of the first kind). It is usually denoted by
K ( k )= 1
0
dt
(1 − t 2 )(1 − k 2 t 2 ) .
In the following, we'll see how to compute K ( k ) numerically very accurately
and quickly, but first let's find an expression for ω 1 .
When z runs along the vertical line from ω 2 / 2to ω 2 / 2+ ω 1 / 2, the function
( z ) takes on real values (see Exercise 9.6) from e 3 to e 2 , and its derivative
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