Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 4.1 General Types and Properties of Nanoparticles
Type
Shells
Cores
Surfaces
Shape
Sizes (nm)
Carbon based None
Solid, hollow
OH/COOH
Sphere—
(C 60 ,C 70 ),
Tube—
SWNT,
DWNT,
MWNT
1,
10
B
20,
30 50,
. 50
Metal based
None, metal
oxide, silica
Ag, Al, Au, C, Co, Cu,
Fe, In, Mo, Nb, Ni, Pt, Sn,
Ta, Ti, W, Zn
PEG, antibody,
positive or
negative
charged,
heparin, biotin
Sphere, rod
1 B 100
1
binary
(mainly oxides)
complex
compounds (above)
1
Cs,
1
Cd, Co, Mg, Sr
SiO 2
1
Quantum
dots (metal
chalcogenide)
None, other
metal sulfide
CdSe, CdS, CdSe/ZnS,
CdTe
Alkyl phosphine
oxide, organic
acid, COOH,
phospholipids,
PEG
Sphere, rod
1
10
B
Dendrimers
Generation:
0
Thousands of potential
cores
Amines, COOH,
PEG AA, CDs,
sugars, biotin
Sphere
2
100 kDa
7
Silica based
None
Solid or mesoporous
Sphere, rod,
fiber, sheet
10
.
Note: CNTs (carbon nanotubes) come in single-walled (SWNTs), double-walled (DWNTs), and multiwalled (MWNTs)
varieties. AA, amino acid; CDs, cyclodextrins; PEG, polyethylene glycol.
In this chapter, we will discuss the specific physicochemical properties of silica-based
nanomaterials including synthesis methods, size, shape, surface properties, and biocompatibil-
ity in the context of both mechanical properties and potential biological applications to
living cells.
4.3 Synthesis of silica-based nanomaterials
The excitement surrounding the potential applications of nanotechnology to medicine in part
revolves around the almost unlimited possibilities for varying the physicochemical properties.
A key aspect of controlling these properties is the method of synthesis. Silica-based nanomaterials
can be synthesized in a number of different ways and the method is critical to the potential dental
or biomedical application. Different synthesis methods have relative advantages and disadvantages
in the control of shape, size, charge, and postsynthesis surface modifications as well as the practical
issues of scale and cost associated with manufacturing ( Figure 4.1 ).
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