Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
and for the treatment and prevention of periodontal diseases, considering their capacity to remain
in the periodontal pocket. The system was prepared by dispersing and homogenizing candelilla wax
in a cetylpirydinium chloride (bioadhesive) solution at 90
C. The uniform milk-like formulation
was immediately cooled at room temperature by immersing it into an ice/water bath under continu-
ous mixing. The solid lipid nanoparticles obtained showed high bioadhesiveness when evaluated by
in vitro measurements (HeLa cells). The nanoparticle bioadhesiveness is attributed to the cationic
surface, which can attach to tooth surfaces via complex interaction between the cationic portion of
the material and the proteinaceous portion of the tooth in order to predispose the surface of the
tooth to allow nanoparticles to adhere to the surface of the tooth. Different biologically active
ingredients such as anticalculus ingredients, antimicrobials, anti-inflammatory agents, antibiotics,
and local anesthetics can be entrapped in the solid lipid nanoparticles during the fusion of the wax.
The same authors
[22]
have proposed a multicomponent controlled release system with bioadhe-
sive properties for oral care. In this invention, solid lipid nanoparticles are encapsulated into
moisture-sensitive microspheres by spray drying. The dry system in contact with water or biological
fluids disintegrates releasing the nanoparticles. The system can encapsulate different flavors, sen-
sory markers, and active ingredients, or combinations. Holpuch et al.
[23]
have confirmed that solid
lipid nanoparticles are internalized by monolayer-cultured human oral mucosal cell line explants
and normal human oral explants, supporting the premise that solid lipid nanoparticles-based deliv-
ery results in higher final intracellular levels relative to bolus administration. Furthermore, the pen-
etration and subsequent internalization of nanoparticles within the proliferating basal layer cells
demonstrate the feasibility of nanoparticle formulations for local delivery and stabilization of oral
chemopreventive compounds.
An interesting patent
[80]
proposes a complex controlled release system based on polymerizable
resinous dental cement with porous nanoparticles of silica, chlorhexidine (antibacterial agent) and
its salts, or inclusion compounds (cyclodextrines). The extended release can be defined by desorp-
tion of chlorhexidine from silica and the film formed.
The encapsulation of inorganic particles with polymers is a promising system for dental applica-
tions. These systems are known as core-shell nanoparticles and combine various properties in one
entity consisting of different chemical components. Dong et al.
[18]
synthesized N-halamine func-
tionalized silica-polymer core-shell nanoparticles via copolymerization with styrene, acrylate acid,
methyl methacrylate, and vinyl acetate. These nanoparticles displayed a powerful antibacterial
activity against gram-negative bacteria and gram-positive bacteria, and their antibacterial activities
have been greatly improved compared to their bulk counterparts. This antibacterial effect can be
applied in dental devices and dental office equipment.
Recombinant human platelet-derived GF is a potent and extensively investigated GF in the field
of periodontal regeneration. This factor, however, has a high degree of variability, mainly due to
the lack of a continual supply for a required period of time. Elangovan et al.
[24]
have suggested
the use of CaP nanoparticles as vectors for platelet-derived GF to target fibroblasts. The results
demonstrated that the nanoparticles synthesized have higher levels of biocompatibility and effi-
ciently transfected platelet-derived GF plasmids into murine fibroblasts, indicating that CaP nano-
particles can be a potential candidate to deliver the genes of interest into fibroblasts, the major cell
in the periodontium.
Recently, Kovtun et al.
[81]
synthesized chlorhexidine-loaded CaP nanoparticles for dental
maintenance. Two effects are combined, the remineralization effect and the antibacterial effect,
