Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
CHAPTER
18
Carbon Nanomaterials for
Implant Dentistry and Bone
Tissue Engineering
Qing Cai
a
, Karthikeyan Subramani
b
, Reji Mathew
c
and Xiaoping Yang
a
a
State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Technology,
Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
b
Department of Orthodontics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
c
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, USA
CHAPTER OUTLINE
18.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 359
18.2 Enhanced functions of osteoblasts on carbon nanomaterials......................................................... 361
18.3 CNT/CNF applications in dentistry ............................................................................................... 367
18.4 Fabrication of carbon nanomaterials ........................................................................................... 370
18.4.1 Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) ...................................................................................... 371
18.4.2 Carbon nanofibers (CNFs) ..................................................................................... 371
18.5 Cytotoxicity of carbon nanomaterials........................................................................................... 372
18.6 Fabrication of carbon nanomaterials with improved osteogenic bioactivity .................................... 374
18.6.1 Biomineralization ................................................................................................. 374
18.6.2 Sol
gel/electrospinning ........................................................................................ 376
18.7 Unique properties of CaP nanoparticles
embedded CNFs for bone tissue engineering ................... 381
18.8 Conclusions............................................................................................................................... 383
References ......................................................................................................................................... 383
18.1
Introduction
In natural tissues or organs, cells directly interact with nanostructured extracellular matrices
(ECM), which are mainly composed of nanofibrous collagen fibrils. Nanomaterials, resembling the
natural ECM in some features and possessing unique physiochemical properties, play a key role in
stimulating cell growth as well as guide tissue regeneration
[1]
. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are
essentially cylindrical molecules made of carbon atoms. CNTs can be considered as made from
graphene sheets rolled into a seamless cylinder that can be open ended or capped, and have a high
