Biomedical Engineering Reference
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proteins. This biological apatite layer will promote cell adhesion, differentiation into osteoblast, and
the synthesis of mineralized collagen, the extracellular matrix of bone tissue. In addition to dissolu-
tion, osteoclast cells are also able to resorb the CaP coatings and activate osteoblast cells to produce
bone tissue. As a result, these CaP coatings promote a direct bone-implant contact without an inter-
vening connective tissue layer leading to a proper biomechanical fixation of dental implants.
16.3 Interactions of surface dental implants with blood
During surgery, blood vessels are injured and thus, dental implant surfaces interact with blood com-
ponents ( Figure 16.3 ). Various plasma proteins get adsorbed on the material surface within a min-
ute. Platelets from blood also interact with the implant surface. Plasma proteins modify the surface
while activated platelets are responsible for thrombus formation and blood clotting. Subsequently,
the various cell types that are migrated to the injured site interact with the surface through
membrane integrin receptors. These early events occur prior to periimplant tissue healing.
Plasma contains dissolved substances such as glucose, amino acids, cholesterols, hormones,
urea, and various ions ( Figure 16.4 ). Most of these components are needed for the viability of cells
and tissues. All of these blood substances could interact with implant surface thus modifying their
chemical properties like charge or hydrophobicity.
Blood interactions with implants lead to protein adsorption, which is dependent on the surface
properties of the material and occurs through a complex series of adsorption and displacement steps
Red blood
cells
Platelets
Fibrin
Titanium
surface with
nanopores
FIGURE 16.3
Interactions of surface of dental implants with blood. Note the numerous proteins, red blood cells, and
activated platelets that lead to blood clotting on implants.
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