Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
CHAPTER
10
Nanoparticles and the Control
of Oral Biofilms
Robert Patrick Allaker
Queen Mary University of London, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry,
Institute of Dentistry, London, UK
CHAPTER OUTLINE
10.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 204
10.2 Biofilms and oral infections ........................................................................................................ 205
10.2.1 Formation and properties of oral biofilms................................................................ 205
10.2.2 Oral biofilms and disease ...................................................................................... 206
10.2.2.1 Dental caries and periodontal disease ........................................................ 206
10.2.2.2 Peri-implantitis........................................................................................ 206
10.2.2.3 Candidiasis............................................................................................. 206
10.2.3 Control of oral biofilms.......................................................................................... 207
10.3 Antimicrobial nanoparticles and oral biofilm control .................................................................... 207
10.3.1 Nanoparticulate metals as antimicrobial agents....................................................... 207
10.3.1.1 Silver (Ag) .............................................................................................. 210
10.3.1.2 Copper (Cu)............................................................................................ 210
10.3.1.3 Gold (Au) ............................................................................................... 211
10.3.2 Nanoparticulate metal oxides as antimicrobial agents .............................................. 211
10.3.2.1 Copper oxide (CuO and Cu 2 O) .................................................................. 211
10.3.2.2 Zinc oxide (ZnO) ..................................................................................... 212
10.3.2.3 Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 )............................................................................. 213
10.3.3 Oral applications of nanoparticulate metals and metal oxides ................................... 213
10.3.4 Quaternary ammonium compounds ........................................................................ 215
10.4 Antiadhesive nanoparticles and oral biofilm control ..................................................................... 216
10.4.1 Chitosan nano- and microparticles ......................................................................... 216
10.4.2 Silica and silicon nanoparticles ............................................................................. 216
10.4.3 Hydroxyapatite and other calcium phosphate-based systems .................................... 217
10.5 Photodynamic therapy and the use of nanoparticles to control oral biofilms .................................. 218
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