Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
to confer stress tolerance and virulence (Xie et al. 2010). Superoxide
dismutase is a primary source of cellular defense to reactive oxygen
species (ROS) produced during stress. It scavenges ROS by mediating
conversion of superoxide ions into molecular oxygen and hydrogen
peroxide (Fridovich 1995). It has been suggested that the
BbSod2
gene can
be used for improving fungal biocontrol agents for tolerance to oxidative
and UV-B stresses (Xie et al. 2010). A laccase gene was found to govern
virulence in
Metarhizium anisopliae
(Fang et al. 2010).
The key pathogenicity genes reported in entomopathogenic fungi have
been listed in table 1 (Key pathogenicity genes reported in entomopathogenic
fungi).
Table 1.
Key Pathogenicity genes reported in entomopathogenic fungi.
Infection stage
Gene function and gene symbol
References
Pre penetration stage
Adhesion
Hydrophobin encoding gene
ssg
St Leger et al. 1992
Cell wall protein genes
Mad1
,
Mad2
Wang and St. Leger
2007b
Appresorium formation
Mitogen activated protein kinase
MaPKA1
Fang et al. 2009, Zhang
et al. 2010
Mitogen activated protein kinase
Bbhog1
(high osmolarity glycerol)
Zhang et al. 2009
Epicuticle penetration
Cytochrome P450
Pedrini et al. 2010
Vitamin H Biotin transporter
Fan et al. 2011
Cuticle penetration
BbJEN1
a carboxylate transporter
gene—increases the pH of the
cuticle by transport of acids from
the insect surface into the cells
Jin et al. 2009
Subtilisin proteases
Pr1, Pr1J,
Pr2
for breakdown of proteins in
insect epidermis.
Freimoser et al. 2005,
Khan et al. 2007, Donatti
et al. 2008, Dias et al.
2008, Nunes et al. 2010
Glutaminase A and NADH-
specifi c glutamate dehydrogenase,
catabolism of aminoacids
Freimoser et al. 2005
Chitinases
Bbchit1, Vlchit1, CHIT1
Fang et al. 2005,
Freimoser et al. 2005,
Zhu et al. 2008
contd. ...
