Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 1.
Signal molecules affecting AM-host plant symbiosis.
Signal molecule
Related effects
References
Strigolactones
AM symbiosis, weed parasitism,
shoot branching
Akiyama and Hayashi (2006)
Akiyama et al. (2010)
Formononetin
AM symbiosis including sporulation
Davies et al. (2005a)
Cytokinins
Upregulating AM symbiosis genes,
controlling pathogens through
affecting AM symbiosis
van Rhijn (1997)
Hause et al. (2007)
Ethylene
Adversely affecting AM symbiosis
Zsögön et al. (2008)
Riedel et al. (2008)
ABA
Positively affecting AM symbiosis
Herrera-Meidna et al. (2007)
Grunwald et al. (2009)
IAA
Interactively affecting AM symbiosis
with strigolactones
Koltai et al. (2010)
Ferguson and Beveridge (2009)
Jasmonic acid
AM symbiosis, C translocation
during AM symbiosis
Mabood and Smith (2005
Van Wees et al. (2008)
Van der Ent et al. (2009)
Salicylic acid
Initiatory and inhibitory effects on
AM symbiosis
Lian et al. (2000)
Hause et al. 2007
phytohormones (Umehara et al. 2008), affecting AM-plant symbiosis. They
can also affect the activities of the parasitic weeds, Striga and Orabanche
and shoot branching in plants. The functional characters of strigolactones
are determined by their structural properties (Akyiama et al. 2010).
Strigolactones are sesquiterpenes lactones, produced in the carotenoid
pathway (Matusova et al. 2005), with little specifi city. They include
molecules such as strigol, sorgolactone, orbanchyl acetate (alectrol),
orobanchol, 2'-epiorbanchol, solanacol, 5-deoxistrigol and sorgomol and
their production is determined by the strategies, used by plant to absorb
nutrients (Yoneyama et al. 2008). They are able to induce hyphal branching
in AM fungi through affecting different molecular and cellular processes
and to induce the seed germination of the parasitic plants (Brachmann
and Parniske 2006, Gomez-Roldan 2007).
These signal molecules are produced by a wide range of plants including
monocots and dicots (Akiyama et al. 2005). Strigolactones are effective
at very little concentrations, indicating the presence of very strong and
sensitive receptors in the AM fungi cellular membranes. Strigolactones affect
AM respiration and hence activities through infl uencing mitochondrial
activity and density as well as lipid catabolism in AM fungi. This eventually
increases the production of Myc factors (the signal molecules produced by
AM fungi resulting in the expression of the host plant genes during the
symbiosis process) (Besserer et al. 2006). Accordingly, it can be mentioned
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