Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
• solubilization; precipitation of protein is not an easily reversible
process, even impossible when it is due to denaturation. In
industrial processing precipitation will result in low product
yield. Solubility is related to the DH (
Fig. 4).
Solubilization can
also be interpreted as bringing protein into solution from protein-
containing material such as fish and meat side streams (i.e.
stripping fi sh bones). Proteolysis of non-soluble protein will never
lead to 100% complete solubilization. For fully clarifi ed solutions
centrifugation or fi ltration steps are needed.
• texturization; partial hydrolysis will often modify aggregation and
networking interactions. Limited and specifi c hydrolysis of casein
will form the cheese curd. Limited proteolysis of gelatin will make
softer gels. More extensive hydrolysis will always result in breaking
of networks and lowering viscosity of the protein solution.
• emulsifi cation; limited hydrolysis will modify the role of proteins
as surface active hydrocolloids in foaming and emulsifi cation. Egg
white shows improved foaming capacity when hydrolysed to a low
extent.
(2)
changing physiological properties for
• clinical and sports applications, wherein hydrolyzed proteins are
made to increase bio-availability and digestibility.
• prevention of allergic reactions evoked by protein epitopes, which
will disappear by extensive proteolysis. Examples are casein
and whey protein based infant formula and gluten hydrolysis
(Coeliakie).
• reducing bitterness; protein hydrolysates are known for their bitter
taste and bitterness is related to the hydrophobicity of the peptides.
Extensive hydrolysis will result in lowering of bitterness.
(3)
obtaining bio-active peptides for clinical purposes, such as Ile-Pro-
Pro rich hydrolysates capable of reducing high blood pressure by
inhibiting the Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE, Boelsma and
Kloek 2010).
FUNGAL ENZYMES FOR BIO-BASED APPLICATIONS
The Production of Chemicals from Renewable Sources
Production of bio-based chemicals and biofuels using renewable resources
with the aim to replace products traditionally produced from fossil fuels
took a center stage in the chemical industry in the recent years. The
fi rst step in the production of bio-based chemicals is breaking down the
biomass containing lignocellulosic material, releasing monosugars which
