Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
biology and drug discovery. It is well known that Au nanoparticles
possess unique size- and shape-dependent physical and chemical
properties.
16-18
Very recently, gold quantum dots (QDs) were found
to exhibit molecule-like properties and were used as a luorescent
probe.
19,20
Research on nonlinear optical imaging in live cells and
implanted tumors has been carried out using metal nanomaterials
(nanoparticles, nanorods, and nanoshells) as a contrast tools. Metallic
nanoparticles also exhibit unique surface plasmon behavior
16
and
are used as unique optical probes for colorimetric sensing
21
and
relection imaging
18
as well as used in ultrasensitive SERS detection
in bioimaging.
22,23
Chapters 3, 9, and 11 discuss biodetection based
on colorimetry, photoluminescence, and SERS of noble metal
nanoparticles, respectively.
Considerable effort has been devoted to fabricating noble
nanoparticle-based contrast agents to improve local contrast
enhancement.
4
Medical imaging diagnostics include magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET),
CT, ultrasound, and optical imaging. Optical imaging methods
(absorption, scattering, and luorescence), however, display better
sensitivity but suffer from low tissue penetration depths. Metal
nanoagents with light absorption, scattering, and emission in the
near-infrared window of 700-900 nm are particularly powerful at
large penetration depths of light irradiation in most biological media
and living tissues. Moreover, noble metal nanomaterials with various
shapes, such as gold nanorods, nanoshells, and nanocages, provide a
variety of bioimaging contrast agents.
16-18,24,25
2.2
Bioconjugation of Noble
Metal Nanoparticles
Recent advances in the biomolecular modiication
26
of noble metal
nanoparticles have led to widespread interest in their properties
and applications.
27
Many biomolecules have been successfully
conjugated on the surface of noble metal nanoparticles for
biosensors,
28
SERS,
29
X-ray contrast agents,
30
and two-photon
luminescence (TPL) imaging.
31
In these cases the bioconjugation of
noble metal nanoparticles play an important role for their speciic
applications.
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