Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
19
RecentAdvancesinWaterDesalination
through
B
iotechnologyandNanotechnology
ShauryaPrakash,KarenBellman,andMarkA.Shannon
DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,OhioStateUniversity,Columbus,Ohio,USA
CONTENTS
19.1. Introduction....................................................................................................................... 365
19.2. Review.of.Existing.Water.Desalination.Methods........................................................ 367
19.2.1. Theoretical.Minimum.Energy.Requirement.for.Water.Desalination......... 367
19.2.2. Challenges.to.Desalination.Processes............................................................. 367
19.2.3. Common.Separation.Methods.......................................................................... 368
19.2.3.1. Multistage.Flash.(MSF).Distillation................................................ 368
19.2.3.2. Multieffect.Distillation.(MED)......................................................... 369
19.2.3.3. Vapor.Compression.(VC).Processes................................................ 370
19.2.3.4. Reverse.Osmosis.(RO)....................................................................... 371
19.2.3.5. Electrodialysis.(ED)........................................................................... 372
19.3. Emerging.Water.Desalination.Technologies................................................................ 374
19.3.1. Microluidic.and.Nanoluidic.Concentration.Polarization.
for.Desalination.................................................................................................. 375
19.3.2. Advanced.Membranes....................................................................................... 376
19.3.3. Forward.Osmosis............................................................................................... 376
19.3.4. Humidiication-Dehumidiication.Desalination............................................ 377
19.3.5. .Microbial.Desalination.Cells........................................................................... 377
19.3.6. Asymmetry-Driven.Ion.Pumps........................................................................ 379
19.4. Summary.and.Conclusions............................................................................................. 380
References..................................................................................................................................... 380
19.1 Introduction
Recent.reports.and.various.publications.have.identiied.the.importance.of.clean.water.for.
not.only.public.health,.but.also.for.energy.and.security.needs.
1-4
.Consider.the.following.
statistics. that. present. a. sobering. picture. for. the. current. state. of. water. supplies. and. the.
importance. for. advancing. the. science. and. technology. to. increase. freshwater. supplies..
Based.on.World.Health.Organization.(WHO).reports,.nearly.2.4.million.people.die.every.
year.due.to.contaminated.water,.and.a.child.under.the.age.of.5.dies.every.20.s..The.most.
common.waterborne.diseases,.affecting.millions.of.people.worldwide,.are.malaria,.cholera,.
365
