Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
TABLE 14.1 (CONTINUED)
Vaccines.Approved.for
.Use.in.the.United.States
Disease/Pathogen
Vaccines
Polio
Polio.(Ipol
®
)
DTaP-IPV.(Kinrix
®
)
DTaP-HepB-IPV.(Pediarix
®
)
DTaP-Hep-IPV.(Pentacel
®
)
Rabies
Rabies.(Imovax
®
.Rabies,
®
.RabAvert
®
)
Rotavirus
RV1.(Rotarix
®
)
RV5.(RotaTeq
®
)
Rubella
MMR.(M-M-R
®
.II)
MMRV.(ProQuad
®
)
Shingles
ZOS.(Zostavax
®
)
Smallpox
Vaccinia.(ACAM2000,
®
.Dryvax
®
)
Tetanus
DTaP.(Daptacel,
®
.Infanrix,
®
.Tripedia
®
),
Td.(Decavac,
®
.generic
®
)
DT.(generic
®
)
TT.(generic
®
)
Tdap.(Boostrix,
®
.Adacel
®
)
DTaP-IPV.(Kinrix
®
)
DTaP-HepB-IPV.(Pediarix
®
)
DTaP-IPV/Hib.(Pentacel
®
)
DTaP/Hib.(TriHIBit
®
)
Tuberculosis
BCG.(TICE
®
.BCG,
®
.Mycobax
®
)
Typhoid
Typhoid.oral.(Vivotif
®
)
Typhoid.polysaccharide.(Typhim.Vi
®
)
Yellow.fever
YF.(YF-Vax
®
)
of. immune. response. induced. by. the. vaccine. could. closely. resemble. those. of. the. natural.
infection.by.generating.antigen-speciic.antibodies.and.T.cells.
4
.Currently,.live,.attenuated.
vaccines.are.available.in.the.United.States.for.pathogens.such.as.yellow.fever,.rotavirus,.
and.varicella.(chicken.pox).
The. other. type. of. vaccine. is. killed/subunit. vaccines,. which. are. clearly. advantageous.
over. attenuated. vaccines. in. terms. of. safety.. These. vaccines. are. either. killed/inactivated.
organisms.or.a.speciic.protein.from.a.pathogen.with.antigenic.properties,.and.therefore.
cannot.replicate.in.the.inoculated.host..The.obvious.beneit.is.safety,.as.concerns.for.rever-
sion.to.a.virulent.form.are.minimal.with.killed.vaccines.and.impossible.with.subunit.vac-
cines.
4
.However,.the.disadvantage.is.that.these.vaccines.induce.minimal.cellular.responses.
in.the.form.of.CD8
+
.T.cells.because.the.antigens.are.extracellular;.these.antigens.are.taken.
up.by.antigen-presenting.cells.(APCs).by.phagocytosis.or.endocytosis.to.be.degraded.and.
presented. as. peptides. on. MHC. class. II. molecules,. which. do. not. stimulate. CD8
+.
T. cells.
(see.Vyas.et.al.
5
.for.details)..While.killed/subunit.vaccines.often.stimulate.strong.antigen-
speciic.antibodies,.the.ability.to.activate.only.one.arm.of.the.immune.system.limits.their.
eficacy;.for.example,.pathogens.that.require.CD8
+
.T.cells.to.clear.infection,.such.as.chronic.
infections.like.human.immunodeiciency.virus.(HIV)
and.hepatitis.C.virus.(HCV),.would.
not.be.effectively.cleared.with.killed/subunit.vaccines.
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