Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
12
MicroscaleTechnologiesforControllingthe
Cellular
M
icroenvironmentinTimeandSpace
HirokazuKaji,Yun-HoJang,HojaeBae,andAliKhademhosseini
DepartmentofMedicine,HarvardMedicalSchool,Boston,Massachusetts,USA
CONTENTS
12.1. Introduction....................................................................................................................... 247
12.2. Surface.Patterning.for.Controlling.Cell.Adhesion...................................................... 248
12.2.1. Photolithography................................................................................................ 249
12.2.2. Microcontact.Printing........................................................................................ 249
12.2.3. Other.Techniques............................................................................................... 252
12.3. Dynamic.Substrates.for.Controlling.Cell.Adhesion.and.Generating.
Cocultures......................................................................................................................... 253
12.3.1. Voltage-Responsive.Substrates......................................................................... 253
12.3.2. Light-Responsive.Substrates............................................................................. 253
12.3.3. Temperature-Responsive.Substrates................................................................ 254
12.3.4. Other.Systems..................................................................................................... 255
12.4. Microluidic.Systems.for.Controlling.Cell-Soluble.Factor.Interactions.................... 256
12.4.1. Microluidic.Techniques.for.Cell.Manipulation............................................. 256
12.4.2. Microluidic.Systems.for.Gradient.Generation.of.Soluble.Factors.............. 257
12.4.3. Integrated.Microluidic.Systems...................................................................... 258
12.5. Three-Dimensional.Structuring.of.Cellular.Microenvironment.............................. 259
12.5.1. Cell-Laden.Hydrogels........................................................................................ 259
12.5.2. Porous.Polymers................................................................................................. 261
12.5.3. Computer-Aided.Structuring........................................................................... 261
12.6. Summary.and.Future.Directions................................................................................... 262
References..................................................................................................................................... 262
12.1 Introduction
The.ability.to.control.the.behavior.of.living.cells.in.vitro.is.critical.in.a.wide.range.of.research.
ields,. including. fundamental. cell. biology,. tissue. engineering,. and. drug. screening.
1-3
. In.
general,. cellular. behavior. is. a. consequence. of. intrinsic. and. extrinsic. factors.. The. extrin-
sic. factors. are. largely. derived. from. the. surrounding. microenvironment,. along. with.
cell-secreted. factors,. and. are. comprised. of. a. milieu. of. biochemical,. biomechanical,. and.
bioelectrical.signals.generated.from.the.surrounding.cells,.the.extracellular.matrix.(ECM),.
and.the.soluble.factors..These.components.vary.in.both.time.and.space.and.are.integral.to.
the.regulation.of.cellular.behaviors.
247
