Validation of Predictive Dynamics Tasks - Human Motion Simulation: Predictive Dynamics - page 208

FIGURE 9.1
(A) A participant wearing a motion capture suit; (B) Vicon skeletal human model.
new marker protocols can be generated and used for different applications and for
avatars with different skeletons. For example, this may be necessary for PD tasks
where the motion can be very complicated when a subject is wearing or holding
different equipment.
9.3.3 Marker placement protocol
Figure 9.2 depicts the marker protocol that is used for the PD model when prepar-
ing the human subjects for the motion capture process (Santos s marker protocol).
In this protocol, markers are placed on the subjects to highlight bony landmarks
and identify segments between joints based on previously identified guidelines
and suggestions ( Dubowsky et al., 2008; Karduna et al., 2001 ). The skeleton of
Santos s includes the major joints of the human body with the number of spine
joints reduced to four.
Reflective markers are placed on the subject's body to highlight anatomical
landmarks. Head markers are placed just superior and lateral to each eyebrow, on
each side of the back of the head, and laterally on the level of C1 over the mas-
toid process; trunk markers are located on the C7, T7, T12, L3, and S1 spinous
processes, the jugular notch between the clavicles, each clavicle midway between
the manubrium and acromion, the xyphoid process, and the anterior and posterior
superior iliac spine. Lower-extremity markers are placed lateral to each greater
trochanter, over the medial and lateral condyles of the femur, over the midpoint
of the patella, over the medial malleolus of the tibia, over the lateral malleolus of
the fibula, just proximal to the 5th metatarsal head, and over the head of the 1st
metatarsal. Upper-extremity markers are placed over the acromion process, on the
anterior and posterior aspects of the shoulder midway between the lateral edge of