Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 6.1 Standard z-scores for
Percentile Calculations (Normal
distribution)
Percentile (%ile)
Z-score
1
2 2.330
5
1.645
10
2 1.280
15
2 1.040
20
2 0.840
25
2 0.675
30
2 0.525
35
2 0.385
40
2 0.250
45
2 0.125
50
0.000
55
0.125
60
0.250
65
0.385
70
0.525
75
0.675
80
0.840
85
1.040
90
1.280
95
1.645
99
2.330
angle (
/dt)). The 3D surface models of peak torque
are used to provide the mean peak torque values for each joint angle (
q
) and contraction velocity (d
q
q
) and con-
traction velocity (d
q
/dt) of interest.
-score CV mean strength
%ile strength
ðq;
d
q=
dt
Þ 5
mean
ðq;
d
q=
dt
Þ 1 ðz
ðq;
d
q=
dt
ÞÞ
-score CV
Þ mean
5 ð
1
1 z
ðq;
d
q=
dt
Þ
(6.4)
where CV is a joint-specific constant.
6.6 Mapping strength to digital humans: strength surfaces
The mapping of normative joint strength to digital humans is not necessarily a trivial
matter and depends on the DH framework used and the anatomical definition for joint
range of motion. For relatively simple hinge joints, such as the knee or elbow, this
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